Jim Thorpe

Predominantly of Native Indian descent, James "Jim" Thorpe was born near Prague, Indian Territory (now Oklahoma), on May 22, 1888.

In 1904 the sixteen-year-old Thorpe decided to attend Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Three years later be began his athletic career there when he walked past the track and beat all the school's high jumpers with an impromptu 5-ft 9-in leap despite being in street clothes.

At Carlisle, under Coach Pop Warner, Thorpe starred as an All-American football halfback. He helped make the school a football powerhouse, and beat an Army team that had Dwight Eisenhower.

Jim Thorpe achieved the unprecedented feat of winning gold medals in both the pentathlon and the decathlon in the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm, Sweden. 

Someone stole Jim Thorpe's shoes just before he competed in the Olympic decathlon. Wearing mismatched shoes (one from the garbage), he set a record that stood for almost 20 years.

After the decathlon, the King of Sweden called Thorpe the greatest athlete alive.

Thorpe at the 1912 Summer Olympics

Officials took back Thorpe's Olympic medals when they learned that he had played semiprofessional baseball in the summers of 1909 and 1910. He was stripped of his amateur status by the Amateur Athletic Union, and he was deprived of his honors. His medals were restored posthumously in 1982.

After Thorpe left Carlisle he excelled at every sport he played, including the traditional Native American sport of lacrosse.

Throrpe played major league baseball as an outfielder starting with the New York Giants from 1913 to 1915, then the Cincinnati Reds to 1917, and the Giants again to 1919; he finished his baseball career with the Boston Braves in 1919.

Jim Thorpe as a member of the New York Giants.

Thorpe also played professional football, mostly with the Canton Bulldogs and was the most famous player in the nation during its formative years (1917-29).

When Thorpe signed with the Canton Bulldogs in 1915, they paid him $250 ($6,048 today) a game, a huge wage at the time.

Before signing Thorpe, Canton was averaging 1,200 fans a game, but 8,000 showed up for his debut against the Massillon Tigers.

Canton Bulldogs won titles in 1916, 1917, and 1919.

Thorpe with the Canton Bulldogs, c. 1915 – c. 1920

By 1920, when the National Football League was formed, Thorpe's career was approaching an end, though he made an appearance as late as 1929 with the Chicago (now Phoenix) Cardinals.

As first president of the American Professional Football Association,  Thorpe helped found the National Football League, which began in 1922.

Thorpe's retirement from sports in 1929 coincided with the start of the Great Depression and in later years he fell on hard times and was often unable to find work. Instead he had a succession of odd jobs such as appearing in carnivals, working as a stuntman in movie westerns, and occasionally lecturing on behalf of Native American education.

In 1950 Thorpe was named the greatest football player and greatest male athlete of the first half of the century by Associated Press polls.

A film biography, Jim Thorpe – All-American, was released in 1951 in which he was portrayed by Burt Lancaster.

Thorpe suffered from alcoholism, and lived his last years in failing health and poverty. He died in Lomita, California from heart failure on March 28, 1953, and he was buried in a Pennsylvania town renamed in his honor.

After his death Thorpe's children fought for the restoration of their father's Olympic awards. In 1973 the Amateur Athletic Union restored his amateur standing for the years 1909 to 1912. On January 18, 1983, the International Olympic Committee reinstated is medals.

Source Compton's Encyclopedia

Thermometer

A thermometer is an instrument used to measure temperature. 

Galilei Galileo built the first thermoscope in the late sixteenth century. A primitive gas thermometer, the thermoscope used a well known principal that air expands as it is heated. He used water in a thin glass tube with a bulb on top with markings etched on to the glass tube.

Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1610–1670), devised the first sealed thermometer in 1654 dependent on the expansion of a liquid, and independent of air pressure. It was the forerunner of the common mercury thermometers of today.

These 1600's thermometers were filled with brandy instead of mercury. Apparently they were accurate enough. 

The picture below shows fifty-degree thermometers from the mid-17th century on exhibit at the Museo Galileo with black dots representing single degrees and white represented 10-degree increments; used to measure atmospheric temperatures. 

By Museo Galileo - Own work

In 1714 Dutch scientist and inventor Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit constructed the first sealed-in-glass thermometer, using mercury instead of alcohol and water mixtures. He discovered a method for cleaning mercury so that it would not stick to a glass tube, which enabled him to use this element rather than alcohol, which gave less accurate results.

Fahrenheit also devised a method for measuring temperature, which is named after him.

On May 19, 1743 French physicist Jean-Pierre Christin published the design of a mercury thermometer with the centigrade scale, with 0 representing the freezing point of water and 100 its boiling point.

Thermometer of Lyon (1743). By Science Museum of London 

English physician Sir Thomas Clifford Allbutt (1836 – 1925) is generally considered the model for the Middlemarch character Dr Lydgate. Allbutt is best known for reducing the then foot long thermometer to a more manageable size. 

Ethanol, a flammable, colorless chemical compound, is the active fluid in modern (post-mercury) thermometers. It is also one of the alcohols that is most often found in alcoholic drinks, a solvent, an antiseptic and a fuel.

Another type is a digital thermometer, which uses electronics to measure temperature.

The world's smallest thermometer, which is 20,000 times smaller than a hair, is made of DNA, and is used to see temperature changes in cells.

The original purpose of the hood ornament on a car, before they were artistic and ornate, was a visible thermometer for the motor vehicle's coolant.

There But For The Grace Of God Goes I

John Bradford (1510- July 1,1555), an English Protestant had the habit of saying when he saw criminals going to their execution, "But for the grace of God, there goes John Bradford", which is where the saying, "There but for the grace of God goes I" originated.

Bradford Appeasing the Riot at St. Paul's Cross Wikipedia

Such was his generous attitude to others that Bradford was known as "Holy Bradford". After being arrested in the early days of Queen Mary's reign under a trivial charge and for a time sharing a cell with Thomas Cranmer, Bradford was burned at the stake as a heretic. He was chained to the stake with another young martyr, John Leaf. As always he was thinking of others and concerned about his frightened fellow-martyr, he turned to him with these words, "Be of good comfort brother; for we shall have a merry supper with the Lord this night!"

Theodosius the Great

The Spanish born emperor of the eastern Roman empire, Theodosius I (January 11, 347 – January 17, 395), also called Theodosius the Great, was the prime mover of imperial Christianity during its early period as a privileged religion and the last of the great Roman emperors.

Nummus of Theodosius I  Photographed by: York Museums Trust Staff

The son of a military officer, Flavius Theodosius was raised in a Christian family and baptized in 380.

Where Theodosius was born is disputed. According to Hydatius and Zosimus, Theodosius was born in what is now Cauca, Gallaecia, Hispania (now Spain). However, Marcellinus Comes writes that he was from Italica, Baetica, Hispania.

After the disastrous Battle of Adrianople in 378 where the Eastern Roman Emperor Valens was killed by the Goths, co- ruler of the Western Roman Empire Gratian invited Theodosius to take command of the Illyrian army. As Valens had no successor, Gratian's appointment of Theodosius amounted to a de facto invitation for Theodosius to become emperor of the eastern half of the Empire. His reign began on January 19, 379 .

Arianism is the belief that the Son is not co-equal or co-eternal with the Father. Instead Christ is only the first and highest of all finite beings, created out of nothing by an act of God's free will. As Christ had a beginning he isn't eternal and because he isn't eternal he is inferior to God the Father.
Theodosius issued a series of decrees, which established Christianity as the official religion and oppressed both Arians and pagans. All sacrifices were prohibited, temples closed and private pagan worship was forbidden.

In 381 Theodisius called the First Council of Constantinople as part of his anti-heresy efforts. The council asserted the deity of the Holy Spirit and comprehensively rejected Arianism, thus marking the end of the heresy in the Roman Empire. However it continued to flourish in northern Europe where the Goths were following a more Arian form of Christianity. After the fall of Rome, the teachings spread and many 5th and 6th century European leaders adopted an Arian theology.

Theodosius subdued the Goths, allowing them autonomy as allies under the peace of 382.

Theodosius I blotted his reign by massacring 7,000 citizens of Thessalonica in 390 after a riot in the circus there. Ambrose, the Bishop of Milan, bravely denied the Emperor admission to the cathedral there for eight months until Theodosius later recanted.

Saint Ambrose barring Theodosius from Milan Cathedral, Anthony van Dyck, c. 1620

The new Christian teaching of the sinfulness of the body, and its abhorrence of heathen practice, dealt the deathblow to the Olympic Games, which were banned in 393 by Theodosius I, as he believed they encouraged "pagan idolatry."

Theodosius ruled as sole Emperor from 392 after the death of Gratian in a rebellion in 383 and Valentinian II nine years later.

By the mid 390s, the western part of the Roman Empire was facing a constant threat of invasion and economic collapse. When Theodosius I died from a disease involving severe edema in Milan on January 17 395, the Roman Empire was re-divided into an eastern and a western half. The Eastern Roman Empire was centered in Constantinople under Arcadius, son of Theodosius, and the Western Roman Empire in Mediolanum (the ancient Milan) under Honorius, his 10-year-old brother.

Theatre (structure)

The masterpieces of Greek drama date from the 5th century BC. At that time, in Athens, the audience sit on the bare hillside to watch performances on a temporary wooden stage. In the 4th century a stone auditorium was built on the site.

An exclusively Greek contribution to architectural history is the raked auditorium for watching theatrical performances.

The ancient theater at Delphi, Greece. David Monniaux - Own work

The Ancient Greek theatres were originally built on a very large scale to accommodate the large number of people on stage, as well as the large number of people in the audience, up to fourteen thousand. 

The theatre at Epidaurus is the earliest and best surviving example of a classical Greek stage and auditorium. Built on the west side of Cynortion Mountain, near modern Lygourio the ancient theatre was constructed by the architect Polykleitos the Younger in the late 4th century BC. At a maximum capacity of 13,000 to 14,000 spectators, the theatre hosted music, singing and dramatic games that were included in the worship of Asclepius. 

Epidaurus ancient theatre. By Olecorre

Practical acoustics begin in Greek theatres who have open vases strategically placed around them to enhance sound levels by resonance.

The Romans copied the Greek style of building, but tended not to be so concerned about the location, being prepared to build walls and terraces instead of looking for a naturally occurring site.

Roman Theater Orange, France. By Andim - Own work, 

During the Elizabethan era in England, the traveling actors began to perform in fixed theatre buildings. They evolved from the tradition of innkeepers offering street entertainers a place to perform. These playhouses were constructed of wooden framing, infilled with wattle and daub and roofed with thatch.

The first purpose-built playhouse in London was built by English actor James Burbage. He called it the Theatre. Trained as a joiner, Burbage was a leading member of Leicester's Men by 1572, then financed the erection of the Theatre and devoted himself to theatre management.

The spectators at Elizabethan theatres could, for the price of one penny, stand around the stage on three sides, or, for sixpence, sit in the galleries.

Elizabethan theatres flew different-colored flags outside to advertise the genre of the play taking place - red was for history, white for comedy and black meant a tragedy.

In 1591, London theatres were forced by law to close on Thursdays to give other entertainment, such as bear-baiting, a chance to thrive.

The plague closed the London theatres between 1592-4.

The Globe Theatre was built in 1599 by William Shakespeare's playing company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men in London. The Globe was destroyed by fire in 1613 and Shakespeare lost much money in it. However, he was sufficiently wealthy to share in the building of the new Globe on the same site in June 1614 which was closed by an Ordinance issued in 1642.

Recreation of Shakespeare's Globe Theatre in London. Dickbauch - Self-photographed

At early 17th century theatres, the food the audience ate seems principally to have been apples and pears (often used as ammunition at the players), also nuts (principally hazelnuts) and gingerbread. The drink offered was either water or bottle-ale.

Lisle's Tennis Court in Lincoln's Inn Fields, London became in 1661 the first public theatre in England to feature moveable scenery on sliding wings.

The phrase playing to the gallery meaning to appeal to popular taste dates from the mid 17th century. The highest, cheapest part of a theatre was the gallery, where the least refined members of the audience were. 

Pre-electricity theatre spotlights produced light by directing a flame at calcium oxide (quicklime). These kinds of lights were called limelights and this is the origin of the phrase "in the limelight" to mean "at the centre of attention". 

The oldest continually-operating theatre in the English-speaking world is The Theatre Royal, now part of the Bristol Old Vic. It was built during 1764–66 on King Street in Bristol and opened to audiences for the first time on May 30, 1766. The theatre has hosted a wide variety of productions over the years, including plays, musicals, and operas. It has also been home to many famous actors and actresses, including Laurence Olivier, Vivien Leigh, and Daniel Day-Lewis.

Theatre Roal.  Rbrwr at English Wikipedia.

The phrase "The Gods," meaning high, traditionally cheap seats in a theatre comes from London's Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, where, around the early 19th century, the ceiling was decorated with paintings of classical gods.

The first female theatre manager was Mrs. John Drew, mother of actor John Drew the second, and grandmother of the famous Barrymores. She managed the Arch Street Theatre for 30 years after her husband died in 1850.

Bram Stoker, the Irish author of Dracula was the manager of London's Lyceum theatre.

The first theatre to be named after an actor was the Garrick Theatre, London, in 1889.

The London music-hall and variety theatre, The Coliseum, opened in 1904. It was the first English stage to be equipped with a revolve. 

The Apollo Theatre opened in New York City as a 'Negro vaudeville theatre' in 1934. It became the showplace for many of the great African-American entertainers, singers, groups and instrumentalists in the country. It is a noted venue for black performers, and is the home of Showtime at the Apollo, a nationally syndicated television variety show. 

The inside of the Apollo Theater as seen from the stage. David Shankbone

In 1962, Dame Peggy Ashcroft became the first British actress to have a theatre named after her in her lifetime — the Ashcroft, in her hometown of Croydon, South London.

London's Windmill Theatre whose slogan was "we never closed" closed in 1964.

Compton's Encyclopedia

Theatre (performance)

Theatre (British English), or Theater (mostly American English) as we know it began in ancient Greece with a religious ceremony called 'dithyramb' in which a chorus of men dressed in goat skins sung and danced in honor of Dionysus, the god of wine and fertility. The performances were given in semi-circular auditoria cut into hillsides, capable of seating 10,000–20,000 people.

The picture below shows an Attic relief (4th century BC) depicting an aulos player and his family standing before Dionysos and a female consort, with theatrical masks displayed above.

The word 'tragedy' comes from a Greek expression meaning 'goat song'.

The word 'theatre' comes from the Greek 'theatron' meaning 'a viewing place'.

The Greeks used mechanical devices like trap doors and the machina: a crane for winching gods on and off the stage .

The Greeks also introduced a chorus that offered information to help the audience follow the performance. The chorus commented on themes, and showed how an audience might react to the drama. 

The Greek players wore masks. Illustrations on vases show helmet-like masks, covering the entire face and head, with holes for the eyes and a small aperture for the mouth, plus a wig.

Ancient Greek theatrical mask of Zeus, replica 

The Greek theatre was fond of colored wigs. Their shade indicated the character represented. A black wig was the sign of a tyrant. Heroes wore blond curls. Red was the color of the comic servant.

Ancient Greek audiences stamped their feet rather than clapping their hands to applaud.

The performance of mime as a dramatic art form originated in Ancient Greece; the name was taken from a single masked dancer called Pantomimus, although performances were not necessarily silent.

Women began to appear on stage in the Roman theatre of the 3rd century BC onwards.

With the rise of Christianity in Europe acting was forbidden, and had virtually ended by the 6th century.

After many hundreds of years where the church had banned all dramas the priests begin to use small playlets to teach the uneducated people Bible stories. 

Mystery plays, popular dramatic representation of scenes from the Old and New Testaments were performed in many towns across Europe from the 13th to the 16th centuries. They developed gradually from aspects of the Easter Mass in Latin into civic occasions in the local languages, usually enacted on Corpus Christi, a holy feast day. 

The Church also wrote miracle plays which were about the lives of the saints and morality plays which taught the audiences how to live a good Christian life.

Depiction of a performance of the Mystery Play of Saint Clement in Metz during the Middle Ages.

The classical Japanese theatre as it is known today dates from the late 14th century. It consists of three elements--No, Kabuki, and the puppet theatre, joruri. 

The Puritans, a Protestant Christian movement that emphasized strict moral discipline, viewed the theater as a sinful and immoral activity. They believed that plays were a waste of time and money, and that they promoted lascivious behavior and disrespect for authority. On September 6, 1642, during the English Civil War, the Puritan-dominated Parliament ordered the closure of all theaters in London. This ban remained in effect for 18 years, until the restoration of the monarchy in 1660.

Opera, on the other hand, was seen by the Puritans as a more virtuous form of entertainment. Operas were typically based on religious themes, and they were often seen as a way to promote moral values. Additionally, operas were more expensive than plays, and the Puritans believed that only the wealthy should be able to afford such frivolous activities.

The term 'winging it' was originally a theatrical slang term for actors who didn't know their lines, and reviewed scripts in between scenes or received prompts from off stage in the 'wings'.

The word 'theatrophobia' (fear of theatres) was first seen in 1839.

The longest continuous dramatic performance was 23 hr 33 min 54 sec achieved by the 27 O'Clock Players in New Jersey, USA, on July 27, 2010. They performed The Bald Soprano by Eugene Ionesco, a play written in a continuous loop and said to be totally pointless and plotless. The approximately one-hour script was repeated 25 times during the attempt.

The world's largest theatrical wardrobe department is at Walt Disney World, Florida, which houses 1.2 million costumes. 

World Theatre Day is celebrated annually on March 27 by International Theatre Institute (ITI) Centres and the international theatre community. It was initiated in 1961 by the ITI. 

Source Compton's Encyclopedia

Margaret Thatcher

EARLY LIFE

Margaret Thatcher was born on Friday, October 13, 1925 in Grantham, Lincolnshire, to Alfred Roberts, who was a grocer, Methodist lay preacher and local mayor and Beatrice Ethel (née Stephenson).

By work provided by Chris Collins of the Margaret Thatcher Foundation 

Margaret spent her childhood in Grantham, where her father owned two grocery shops.

As a child Margaret was fond of the music of Gilbert and Sullivan and enjoyed reading Rudyard Kipling.

Margaret Roberts attended Huntingtower Road Primary School and won a scholarship to Kesteven and Grantham Girls' School, a grammar school. She was head girl there in 1942–43.

Portrait of Margaret Roberts aged 12 or 13

EARLY CAREER

She developed an early interest in politics and, when studying chemistry at University of Oxford's Somerville College, Thatcher became president of the Oxford Conservative Association. 

In her final year at Oxford, Thatcher studied X-ray crystallography under Dorothy Hodgkin, who later won the Nobel Prize.

She graduated in 1946 and worked for as a research chemist for BX Plastics and food manufacturer J. Lyons and Co.

Tasked with whipping more air into ice cream by J. Lyons and Co, Thatcher produced a type of 'soft-scoop' cream which could be pumped through a machine. It heralded Mr Whippy vans and the '99' cone.

Thatcher studied law when not in work and she qualified as a barrister in 1953 specializing in taxation. 

MP AND MINISTER

Margaret Thatcher first stood for Parliament in 1950 as the Conservative candidate for the safe Labour seat of Dartford.
Thatcher won her first election campaign in October 1959, when she was elected as MP to represent the North London constituency of Finchley, which she held until she retired in 1992.

Edward Heath appointed Thatcher Secretary of State for Education and Science in his Conservative government in 1970.

Margaret Thatcher said in 1973 that she didn't think there would be a female Prime Minister in her lifetime. 

On February 11, 1975, Margaret Thatcher beat four male candidates to become the first woman to lead a major political party in Britain. It was only because Keith Joseph was ruled out of the contest for party leadership over a controversial speech suggesting that mothers in social classes 4 and 5 have too many children, that Mrs Thatcher stepped into his shoes.

After being elected Conservative leader, a chance meeting with Laurence Olivier led to Thatcher using his voice coach to lower her pitch to its famous authoritative tone.

PRIME MINISTER 

Margaret Thatcher became UK Prime Minister on May 4, 1979 following the defeat of James Callaghan's incumbent Labour government in the previous day's general election. 

Margaret Thatcher was Great Britain's first female prime minister and served longer than any other British prime minister in the 20th century. 

Margaret Thatcher in 1983

While in office, she initiated what became known as the "Thatcher Revolution," a series of social and economic changes that dismantled many aspects of Britain's postwar welfare state. Mrs Thstcher succeeded in bringing down inflation but not unemployment.

A Soviet journalist dubbed Thatcher the Iron Lady, a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style. 

In 1979, Japan offered new British prime minister Margaret Thatcher 20 "karate ladies" for protection at an economic summit. She declined.

Margaret Thatcher famously declared in a speech at the Conservative Party conference on October 10, 1980: "To those waiting with bated breath for that favorite media catchphrase, the u-turn, I have only one thing to say: You turn if you want to. The lady's not for turning."

After Argentinian forces occupied the Falkland Islands in April 1982. Thatcher directed British troops in 1982 to get back the British Crown Colony. British administration was restored two months later at the end of the Falklands War.

Argentine magazines presented Mrs Thatcher to their readers as total evil during the Falklands War. She appeared in Tal Cual magazine as a pirate, a vampire and a Nazi with a Hitler mustache, with the cover headline: "La Thatcher Worse Than Hitler." One issue claimed that "even Denis has discovered she’s a monster."

On October 12, 1984, Margaret Thatcher narrowly escaped injury from an IRA bomb at the conservative party conference in Brighton, which killed five people and injured 34. Thatcher's response to the attempt on her life helped to bolster her popularity halfway through a year-long miners' strike, which had split the nation.

The Brighton Grand Hotel after the IRA bomb. 

Margaret Thatcher became the first Prime Minister to win a third successive term on June 12, 1987 since Robert Jenkinson in 1820

The only medical problems the seemingly indestructible Margaret Thatcher suffered as Prime Minister were varicose veins and a sore hand that required a minor operation. 

Margaret Thatcher made do with four hours sleep a night as PM. 

On November 28 1990, a tearful Margaret Thatcher left Downing Street for the last time as Prime Minister. She was the longest-serving prime minister of the 20th century, having been in the job for 138 months.

BELIEFS 

Brought up as a staunch Methodist, Margaret Thatcher retained her Christian faith throughout her political career and won the approval of the local Chequers (her country residence) vicar because of her diligent attendance at church.

On one occasion Thatcher gave an address to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in which she gave a theological justification for her political philosophy quoting St. Paul in 2 Thessalonians 3v10 "If a man will not work, he shall not eat."

The tiny Methodist chapel in which Alf Roberts had preached in Grantham was moved stone by stone to Baker University, Kansas and Mrs Thatcher went there in 1996 to speak about the role of Methodism in her life.

PERSONAL LIFE 

She first met Denis Thatcher, a director of the family paint and preservatives business, Atlas Preservatives,  in February 1949, at a Paint Trades Federation function in Dartford, Kent. They married on December 13, 1951, at Wesley's Chapel in City Road, London.

Denis & Margaret Thatcher in 1984

They had two children, the twins Carol and Mark, who were born on August 15, 1953, six weeks premature. "Typical of Margaret. She produced twins and avoided the necessity of a second pregnancy," said Denis Thatcher.

Denis Thatcher, died in 2003 from pancreatic cancer.

Margaret Thatcher used a dark red lipstick to emphasize her impressive cupid's bow. 

Whilst at Downing Street, Margaret Thatcher had a pet cat called Wilberforce whom she doted on. She even bought him back a tin of sardines after a visit to Moscow. 

Margaret Thatcher only traveled by train once in her nine years as Prime Minister.

Margaret Thatcher was offered passport no. 007, but turned it down.

Mrs Thatcher had a hatred of insects and snakes which bordered on phobia.

LAST YEARS, DEATH AND LEGACY 

Thatcher returned to the backbenches as a constituency parliamentarian after leaving the premiership. 

Thatcher touring the Kennedy Space Center in early 2001

Aged 66, she retired from the House at the 1992 general election, saying that leaving the House of Commons would allow her more freedom to speak her mind.

After retiring from the Commons in 1992, she was given a life peerage as Baroness Thatcher (of Kesteven in the County of Lincolnshire) which entitled her to sit in the House of Lords. 

Carol Thatcher first revealed that her mother had dementia in 2005. She was first struck by her mother's dementia when, in conversation, Thatcher confused the Falklands and Yugoslav conflicts.

Margaret Thatcher died from a stroke on April 8, 2013 in her suite in London's Ritz Hotel. She had been living there since December 2012 after having difficulty with stairs at her Chester Square home in Belgravia. 

In line with Margaret Thatcher's wishes she received a ceremonial funeral, including full military honors, with a church service at St Paul's Cathedral on April 17, 2013. Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Phillip attended the ceremony, the second time in the Queen's reign that she had attended the funeral of a former prime minister.

Thatcher's coffin being carried up the steps of St Paul's Cathedra By Österreichische Außenministerium

The "Make 'Ding Dong the Witch is Dead' #1 the week Thatcher dies" Facebook campaign was originally set up in 2007 as a mocking memorial to the British prime minister. Following Baroness Thatcher's death the campaign kicked into gear and Judy Garland's Wizard of Oz song "Ding dong! The witch is dead!" reached #2 in the UK charts.

Every year, Margaret Thatcher Day is celebrated in the Falkland Islands on January 10, the anniversary of her first visit in 1983.

Sources Europeanhistory, Daily Mail