X-radiation is a kind of electromagnetic radiation. X-rays are produced when high-energy electrons from a heated filament cathode strike the surface of a target on the face of a massive heat-conducting anode, between which a high alternative is applied.
X-rays have a shorter wavelength, and therefore more energy, than ultraviolet radiation. They have a much shorter wavelength than visible light (the light that we can see).
Applications of X-rays make use of their short wavelength (such as X-ray crystallography) or their penetrating power ) as in medical X-rays of internal body tissues,)
German physics professor Wilhelm Röntgen was experimenting at Wurzburg University on November 8, 1895 with the flow of electricity through gases when he noticed the fluorescence of a barium platinocyanide screen. After further investigations he found that the radiation causing this was able to pass through everyday materials such as paper, wood and living tissue and it produced an image on photographic plates as well as a fluorescent screen.
Röntgen could not determine how the radiation was carried through space or why it had such penetrating power. For this reason he called the radiation X rays, taking the name from the mathematician's use of x to denote the unknown quantity in a problem.
Realizing that he had created a means by which physicians could see inside the human body, Röntgen made the first X-ray, an image of his wife Bertha's hand.
The first use of X-rays under clinical conditions was by John Hall-Edwards in Birmingham, England on January 11, 1896, when he radiographed a needle stuck in the hand of an associate.
The x-ray machine was exhibited (in New York City) for the first time in 1896. To see the machine, people had to pay a 25¢ admission charge.
Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel Prize in physics, in 1901, for his discovery and he donated the monetary reward from the prize to his university. He refused to take out any patents related to his discovery on moral grounds, as he believed that the products of scientific research should be made freely available to all.
In the late 1890s, Thomas Edison began investigating materials for ability to fluoresce when X-rayed; by the turn of the century he had invented a fluoroscope with sufficient image intensity to be commercialized.
Clarence Dally, a glass blower of lab equipment and tubes at Edison’s laboratory, was repeatedly exposed, to radiation poisoning, In 1904, he became perhaps the first person to die of man-made radiation when he passed away from skin cancer. Edison refused to work with x-rays ever again.
Dally's death caused some scientists to begin taking the risks of radiation more seriously, but they still weren't fully understood. During the 1930s, 40s and 50s, in fact, many shoe stores featured shoe-fitting fluoroscopes that used to X-rays to enable customers to see the bones in their feet; it wasn't until the 1950s that this practice was determined to be risky business.
Before people knew the full extent of x-rays, women would get face x-rays in order to kill bacteria which would make skin look healthy and beautiful. After a while people who did this started developing tumors on their faces and some even died. Doctors also used this method for hair removal.
During World War I, Marie Curie established the first military field radiological centres. She invented a mobile x-ray machine for usage on the front line and taught 150 women to use them.
Curie died in 1934 of aplastic anemia brought on by exposure to radiation. Curie believed her radiation exposure during her time developing her mobile X-Ray machine during the First World War caused her terminal illness.
English chemist Rosalind Franklin (July 25, 1920 –April 16, 1958 is the unsung hero of DNA research. James Watson and Francis Crick got the Nobel Prize for discovering the double helix after Franklin's lab partner showed Watson one of her best images — an X-ray labelled ‘photograph 51'. Many believe she should have shared in their Nobel prize.
Dorothy Hodgkin was a British chemist who advanced the technique of X-ray crystallography, a method used to determine the three-dimensional structures of biological molecules. Hodgkin solved the structures of cholesterol (1937), penicillin (1946) and vitamin B12 (1956), for which she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964.
One of Hodkins' students in the 1940s was Margaret Roberts — later Mrs Thatcher
In her final year at Oxford, Thatcher studied X-ray crystallography under Dorothy Hodgkin.
The first brain-scan using x-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) was performed at Atkinson Morley Hospital in Wimbledon, London in 1971. The original 1971 CT Scan took 160 parallel readings with each scan taking a little over five minutes. The images from these scans took 2.5 hours to be processed on a large computer.
The secret police in Communist Romania subjected the leaders of a 1977 coal miners' strike to 5-minute chest X-rays to ensure that they developed cancer.
X-rays have a shorter wavelength, and therefore more energy, than ultraviolet radiation. They have a much shorter wavelength than visible light (the light that we can see).
Applications of X-rays make use of their short wavelength (such as X-ray crystallography) or their penetrating power ) as in medical X-rays of internal body tissues,)
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German physics professor Wilhelm Röntgen was experimenting at Wurzburg University on November 8, 1895 with the flow of electricity through gases when he noticed the fluorescence of a barium platinocyanide screen. After further investigations he found that the radiation causing this was able to pass through everyday materials such as paper, wood and living tissue and it produced an image on photographic plates as well as a fluorescent screen.
Röntgen could not determine how the radiation was carried through space or why it had such penetrating power. For this reason he called the radiation X rays, taking the name from the mathematician's use of x to denote the unknown quantity in a problem.
Realizing that he had created a means by which physicians could see inside the human body, Röntgen made the first X-ray, an image of his wife Bertha's hand.
 |
| First medical X-ray by Wilhelm Röntgen of his wife Anna Bertha Ludwig's hand |
The first use of X-rays under clinical conditions was by John Hall-Edwards in Birmingham, England on January 11, 1896, when he radiographed a needle stuck in the hand of an associate.
The x-ray machine was exhibited (in New York City) for the first time in 1896. To see the machine, people had to pay a 25¢ admission charge.
Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel Prize in physics, in 1901, for his discovery and he donated the monetary reward from the prize to his university. He refused to take out any patents related to his discovery on moral grounds, as he believed that the products of scientific research should be made freely available to all.
In the late 1890s, Thomas Edison began investigating materials for ability to fluoresce when X-rayed; by the turn of the century he had invented a fluoroscope with sufficient image intensity to be commercialized.
 |
| Thoracic fluoroscopy using handheld fluorescent screen, 1909. |
Clarence Dally, a glass blower of lab equipment and tubes at Edison’s laboratory, was repeatedly exposed, to radiation poisoning, In 1904, he became perhaps the first person to die of man-made radiation when he passed away from skin cancer. Edison refused to work with x-rays ever again.
Dally's death caused some scientists to begin taking the risks of radiation more seriously, but they still weren't fully understood. During the 1930s, 40s and 50s, in fact, many shoe stores featured shoe-fitting fluoroscopes that used to X-rays to enable customers to see the bones in their feet; it wasn't until the 1950s that this practice was determined to be risky business.
Before people knew the full extent of x-rays, women would get face x-rays in order to kill bacteria which would make skin look healthy and beautiful. After a while people who did this started developing tumors on their faces and some even died. Doctors also used this method for hair removal.
During World War I, Marie Curie established the first military field radiological centres. She invented a mobile x-ray machine for usage on the front line and taught 150 women to use them.
Curie died in 1934 of aplastic anemia brought on by exposure to radiation. Curie believed her radiation exposure during her time developing her mobile X-Ray machine during the First World War caused her terminal illness.
English chemist Rosalind Franklin (July 25, 1920 –April 16, 1958 is the unsung hero of DNA research. James Watson and Francis Crick got the Nobel Prize for discovering the double helix after Franklin's lab partner showed Watson one of her best images — an X-ray labelled ‘photograph 51'. Many believe she should have shared in their Nobel prize.
Dorothy Hodgkin was a British chemist who advanced the technique of X-ray crystallography, a method used to determine the three-dimensional structures of biological molecules. Hodgkin solved the structures of cholesterol (1937), penicillin (1946) and vitamin B12 (1956), for which she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964.
One of Hodkins' students in the 1940s was Margaret Roberts — later Mrs Thatcher
In her final year at Oxford, Thatcher studied X-ray crystallography under Dorothy Hodgkin.
The first brain-scan using x-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) was performed at Atkinson Morley Hospital in Wimbledon, London in 1971. The original 1971 CT Scan took 160 parallel readings with each scan taking a little over five minutes. The images from these scans took 2.5 hours to be processed on a large computer.
The secret police in Communist Romania subjected the leaders of a 1977 coal miners' strike to 5-minute chest X-rays to ensure that they developed cancer.
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