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Thursday 4 October 2018

Today Is... Old Entries

November 4 is celebrated as Flag Day in Panama.

Panama had been a Spanish colony since the sixteenth century. The country gained independence from the Spanish empire which began on November 10 and was completed on November 28, 1821. They joined the Republic of Gran Colombia in the same year, along with Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela. 

The Republic of Gran Colombia was dissolved in 1830 but the country remained part of Colombia for several decades,

Panama finally achieved independence on November 3, 1903 with the help of the USA.  The US bought the rights to build the Panama Canal at the same time.

The Panamanian flag day is celebrated on November 4, one day after the country's separation from Colombia.


Today is the 3rd day of November. The name 'November' comes from the Latin for nine (novem), as it was the ninth month of the Roman calendar.

In Old English November was 'Windmonath' (wind month) or 'Blotmonath' (blood or sacrifice month) referring to the time of slaughter of farm animals.

The Dutch called it 'slachtmaand' (slaughter month); in Welsh it is 'Tachwedd', also meaning 'slaughter'.

The first Sunday of Advent is slightly more likely to fall in November than in December.

Advent wreath. By Micha L. Rieser - Wikipedia Commons

In any given year, November starts on the same day of the week as March and ends on the same day of the week as August.


All Souls Day is a holy day set aside for honoring those baptized Christians who are believed to be in purgatory. The day is primarily celebrated in the Catholic Church, but it is also celebrated in the Eastern Orthodox Church and Anglican denomination.

All Souls' Day by William-Adolphe Bouguereau

The Western celebration of All Souls' Day is on November 2 and follows All Saints' Day, which commemorates the departed who have attained the beatific vision. 

According to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church, Purgatory is a halfway house between heaven and earth where ones souls are cleansed so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of heaven. Protestants discount this teaching.

The Roman Catholic tradition of Purgatory has a history that dates back to the belief, found in Pre-Christian Judaism that prayer for the dead contributed to their afterlife purification. St Augustine of Hippo developed many Catholic doctrines including belief in purgatory, St. Ambrose of Milan spoke of a kind of "baptism of fire" which is located at the entrance to Heaven, and through which all must pass, at the end of the world and Pope St. Gregory the Great stated his belief in Purgatory adding however that the Purgatorial fire could only purify away minor transgressions, not "iron, bronze, or lead," or other "hardened" (duriora) sins.

The concept of purgatory was made official church doctrine at the 1274 Council of Lyons. The council wrote that Christians who had not shown sufficient repentance for their sin needed to be cleansed by purgatorial punishments. Furthermore, the council taught that these punishments could be relieved for oneself (or for those who had died) through “the sacrifices of Masses, prayers, alms, and other duties of piety.”


Today is All Saints' Day, a Christian solemnity celebrated in honor of all the saints of the church, whether they are known or unknown.

Below is All Saints' Day at a cemetery in Gniezno, Poland, the picture shows flowers and candles placed to honor deceased relatives. 

By Diego Delso, Wikipedia

In 609 Pope Boniface IV converted the Roman Pantheon into a Catholic church dedicated to the Virgin Mary and all martyrs. By the 7th century the commemoration of martyrs for the faith had become widespread and as time went on these celebrations came to include not only the martyrs but all saints. 

In 837 Pope Gregory IV established the first celebration of All Saints' Day on November 1st to honor the saints, choosing the first day of November to counter a Celtic festival of the dead, known as Samhain celebrated the night before. However the festival did not die out and in medieval Britain it became known as All Hallows (All Saints) Eve, and later its Scottish equivalent Halloween became more widely used.


Today is National Bison Day Bison or buffalo are large, even-toed mammals. "Bison" is a Greek word meaning ox-like animal, while "buffalo" originated with the French fur trappers who called these massive beasts bœufs, meaning ox or bullock—so both names, "bison" and "buffalo", have a similar meaning.

The buffalo formed the mainstay of the economy of the Native Americans, providing them with meat for food, hides and fur for clothing and shelter, and sinew and horn for tools

In the 1800s, the westward-moving pioneers and railroad workers wantonly killed the huge animals by the thousands for food. Only the choicest pieces of the slaughtered buffalo, the hump and tongues, were cut out of the carcasses.

The near-extinction bison hunting in the 1800s was not only to gain food. The pioneers also wanted to restrict the American Indians' dominant food supply; herds were shot from trains and left to rot where they died.

By 1870s, the buffalo had been decimated east of the Mississippi River thus removing a major source of meat. The extension of railroads across the Great Plains had led to the destruction of the huge herds that foraged on the vast grasslands there.

The Buffalo Protection Act of 1894 was one of the earliest official recognitions of an endangered species problem in the United States. By the late 1880s fewer than a thousand bison were left on the continent, two thirds of them in Canada.  The law to protect the few remaining in Yellowstone National Park was the first federal legislation that focused on conserving a once-vast wildlife resource.

The United States Senate has passed resolutions each year since 2013 making the first Saturday of November National Bison Day. The purpose of National Bison Day is to encourage celebration of the American Bison, also commonly known as the American buffalo.  The species is acknowledged as the first American conservation success story, having been brought back from the brink of extinction by a concerted effort of ranchers, conservationists and politicians to save the species in the early 20th century.  Bison can also play an important role in improving the types of grasses found in landscapes to the benefit of grasslands and hold significant economic value for private producers and rural communities.

President Barack Obama signed into law on May 9, 2016 the National Bison Legacy Act, which designated the bison as the official mammal of the United States.



Today is All Hallows' Eve. Hallow, in Old English, means "holy" or "sacred." Therefore, "All Hallows' Eve," or "Halloween" simply means "the evening of holy persons" and refers to the evening before All Saints Day  celebrated on November 1.

The tradition of dressing up on Halloween originates from the Celts, who were known to wear costumes and masks to these festivals in an attempt to appease evil spirits, thought to bring problems to the living on Halloween.

To try and frighten off any superstitions, the Europeans began making lanterns from carved vegetables (predominantly turnips), lit by a candle inside. The "head" of turnips were used, with the belief that the head was the most powerful part of the body, containing the spirit and the knowledge.

The carving of pumpkins is one of Halloween's most prominent symbols today. However, it wasn't until the 1860s that the pumpkin became associated with Halloween - a tradition originating from North America, where pumpkins were readily available and much larger, making them easier to carve.

Halloween was brought to the USA by the Irish but the associations the Americans have with it such as black cats and witchcraft come from Africa.


Stroke is a condition where the blood supply to the brain is disrupted, resulting in oxygen starvation, brain damage and loss of function.

Hippocrates was first to describe the phenomenon of sudden paralysis that is often associated with a stroke. Apoplexy  (an old-fashioned term for a stroke or stroke-like symptoms), from the Greek word meaning "struck down with violence", first appeared in Hippocratic writings to describe this phenomenon. 

An image of Hippocrates on the floor of the Asclepieion of Kos

Globally 1 in 4 adults over the age of 25 will have a stroke in their lifetime. 13.7 million people worldwide will have their first stroke this year and five and a half million will die as a result. 

Stroke is leading cause of death and disability globally with 116 million years of healthy life lost each year to the disease.

Throughout the world, stroke is the second leading cause of death. It’s also the leading cause of disability.

World Stroke Day is observed on October 29 to underscore the serious nature and high rates of stroke, raise awareness of the prevention and treatment of the condition, and ensure better care and support for survivors


The first public performance of Reynaud's Théâtre Optique took place at the Grevin Museum in Paris on October 28, 1892. The show included three cartoons, the first of which was a 15-minute animation, Pauvre Pierrot, made from 500 hand-painted images, which was the first ever presentation of projected moving images to an audience.


A performance of Pauvre Pierrot as imagined by Louis Poyet

Émile Reynaud’s animated film was a development of his praxinoscope which used a strip of pictures spinning around the inside of a cylinder.

In 1895 The Lumière brothers patented their combination movie camera and projector, the Cinématographe, which quickly outshone Reynaud's invention, driving him to bankruptcy. However, his public performance of animation entered history as shortly predating the camera-made movies.

International Animation Day on October 28 is an international observance, which was first proclaimed in 2002 by the ASIFA as the main global event to celebrate the art of animation. This day commemorates the first public performance of Charles-Émile Reynaud's Théâtre Optique in Paris.


National Peach Day is celebrated on August 27th every year. It is a day to celebrate the delicious and nutritious peach fruit, which is in season during the summer months.

White peaches

Peaches have a long and rich history, dating back to ancient China. They were originally considered to be a luxury food, but eventually became more widely available. Peaches were brought to Europe by the Romans, and then to the Americas by European settlers.

Today, the United States is the second-largest producer of peaches in the world, after China. Peaches are grown in many different states, but California is the leading producer.

Peaches are a good source of vitamins A and C, as well as fiber and potassium. They are also low in calories and fat. Peaches can be eaten fresh, cooked, or canned. They are also a popular ingredient in pies, cobblers, and other desserts.


Pit bull is a word used to describe several breeds of dog. They include the American Pit Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier, American Bully and Staffordshire Bull Terrier, and dogs with a mix of these breeds. These dogs were bred by crossing bulldog and terrier breeds.

In 2007, National Pit Bull Awareness Day was created in the US to help undo the reputational damage done to pit bulls in the media. Each year, on October 26, American pit bulls are celebrated as loving, caring pets rather than the menacing, dangerous animals that they are mistakenly portrayed as. 

Notable pit bulls include Pete the Pup, a character in the Little Rascals movies, Billie Holiday's companion "Mister", Helen Keller's dog "Sir Thomas", and President Theodore Roosevelt's Pit Bull terrier "Pete".

In August 2016, a stray pit bull in Georgia protected a woman from a knife attack. After his wounds healed, he was adopted and named Hero.


World Pasta Day was brought into existence as part of the World Pasta Congress on October 25, 1995. Each year on October 25, this organization uses World Pasta Day to promote the eating of pasta, along with its cultural and culinary importance.


There are over 600 different kinds of pasta available throughout the world. They are mostly available in two forms: fresh (like ravioli and canelloni) or dried (like spaghetti and penne).

The name pasta came from the Latin word for dough.

The first documented recipe for pasta is in the Italian book De arte Coquinaria per vermicelli e macaroni siciliani, (The Art of Cooking Sicilian Macaroni and Vermicelli) written by Martino Corno, chef to the powerful Patriarch of Aquileia in 1005.

Pasta that is sealed in the box can stay fresh for up to 10 years - Open pasta is only good for a few days.


The United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO) took place between April 25, 1945 and June 26, 1945 in San Francisco. On the last day of the conference delegates from 50 nations signed a charter creating the The United Nations Organisation — later known as the United Nations.

The United Nations Organisation did not instantly come into being with the signing of the Charter, since in many countries the Charter had to be subjected to parliamentary approval. It was finally ratified and established on October 24, 1945.

In 1947, the United Nations General Assembly declared October 24, the anniversary of the Charter of the United Nations, as which "shall be devoted to making known to the people of the world the aims and achievements of the United Nations and to gaining their support for" its work.

President Harry S Truman laid the cornerstone at the United Nations headquarters and called it a workshop of peace on October 24, 1949. Construction was completed three years later.

Today the United Nations consists of 193 member states and two observer states. The mission of the United Nation is to maintain international peace and security.


World Polio Day was established by Rotary International on October 24 to commemorate the birth of Jonas Salk, who led the first team to develop a vaccine against polio. On this day, around the world, global organisations such as the Rotary International and other similar clubs and organisations host several events and fund-raisers, with an objective to raise awareness about polio.

Polio vaccination in Egypt

Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, has existed for thousands of years, with depictions of the disease in ancient art.  Outbreaks reached pandemic proportions in Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand during the first half of the 20th century. The 1952 U.S. polio epidemic was the worst outbreak in  the nation's history. Of nearly 58,000 cases reported that year, 3,145 people died and 21,269 were left with mild to disabling paralysis, with most of its victims being children.

Worldwide, polio has become much less common in the past few decades. In 1988, there were about 350,000 new cases of polio across 125 countries. Most of those cases were children under the age of 5, and the virus paralyzed many of them for life. But within six years, polio was wiped out in both North and South America. By 2019 there were fewer than 40 polio cases a year. And they were just in three countries: Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nigeria.


Mole is the SI unit of measurement used to measure the number of things, usually atoms or molecules. One mole of something is equal to 6.02214078×1023 of same things (Avogadro's number). The Avogadro constant is named after the Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856), who, in 1811, first proposed that the volume of a gas (at a given pressure and temperature) is proportional to the number of atoms or molecules regardless of the nature of the gas. 


Amedeo Avogadro

Scientists use this number because it is the number of carbon atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12, which is the most common kind of carbon.

Mole Day is an unofficial holiday celebrated among chemists, chemistry students and chemistry enthusiasts on October 23, between 6:02 a.m. and 6:02 p.m., making the date 6:02 10/23 in the American style of writing dates. The time and date are derived from the Avogadro number.


October 22 was designated International Stuttering Awareness Day in 1998. The day is intended to raise public awareness of stuttering, which affects one percent of the world's population.

The day is known as International Stammering Awareness Day in the UK and Ireland.

Stuttering and stammering are not quite the same: a stutter is an involuntary repetition of one letter, while a stammer is any speech-slowing defect.

The ancient Greek Demosthenes stuttered and was inarticulate as a youth, yet, through dedicated practice, using methods such as placing pebbles in his mouth, became a great orator of Ancient Greece.

Greek orator Demosthenes practicing oratory at the beach with pebbles in his mouth

Charles Dodgson, aka Lewis Carroll, suffered from a stammer – a condition shared by most of his siblings. He was bullied mercilessly at Rugby School because of his speech disorder. Dodgson carried his stammer into adulthood. He referred to it as his "hesitation" and it continued to plague him throughout his entire life.

Golfer Tiger Woods stuttered as a child and used to talk to his dog until he fell asleep in an effort to get rid of it.


National Reptile Awareness Day is celebrated in the US each year on October 21. The day promotes education, conservation, and appreciation for reptiles. 

The name "reptile" comes from Latin and means "one who creeps". All living reptile species are cold blooded, have scaly skin, and can lay eggs on land.

Reptiles come in four varieties: turtles and tortoises; crocodilia (including alligators); lizards and snakes; New Zealand tuatara.

Wikipedia

Nearly all reptiles are incapable of running and breathing at the same time. This is one of the reasons why they are ambush predators. Komodo dragons can only dash 30 feet (10m) before having to rest for breathing.

Twenty-eight U.S. states have an official state reptile. Oklahoma was the first to name an official reptile, the collared lizard, in 1969.


The president of the World Association of Chefs Societies Billy Gallagher created International Chefs Day in 2004, which is celebrated each year on October 20th. The day focuses on educating kids around the world about eating healthy and for chefs to pass on their knowledge and skills to the next generation.

Chefs in training at chef school in Oxford, England By © Jorge Royan

The word "chef" is derived (and shortened) from the term chef de cuisine, the director or head of a kitchen. 

England's King George II took such an interest in his food that he ordered every dish served to him to be labelled with the name of the chef who had made it.

Before ascending to the English throne as King George IV, the prince employed the most celebrated chef around, Marie-Antoine Carême. The sumptuous food cooked for him gave Prince George almost permanent indigestion and his gargantuan excesses exceeded any other royals.

The self-taught French chef Raymond Blanc came to Britain in his early 20s after being fired as a waiter at the Michelin-starred Le Palais de la Bière in Besançon. Blanc had upset the head chef by questioning his cooking and was hit by him with a frying pan.


Mary Edith Keyburn passed away on October 19, 2010, at the age of 95 with a gin and tonic at her side. Her favorite tipple had been smuggled into her hospital room in a water bottle and served in a teacup.

Gin and tonic. By NotFromUtrecht

In 2010 of Mary Edith Keyburn's favorite drink, her family and friends founded International Gin and Tonic Day in her honor. Each year on October 19th gin-lovers can enjoy their favorite drinks in the time-honored tradition.

Gin and tonic was used to prevent and treat malaria in the 1800s. Tonic containing the anti-malarial drug quinine was very bitter, so gin was added to make it tasty.

It’s the quinine in gin and tonics that makes them glow in ultra-violet light.


The United States purchased Alaska from the Russian Empire for $7.2 million, or about 2 cents an acre on March 30, 1867.

The United States Senate ratified the treaty with Russia for the purchase of Alaska on April 9, 1867. It was passed by a single vote. The United States formally took possession on October 18, 1867, which is celebrated annually on October 18 in the state as Alaska Day.



Alaska's territorial legislature declared Alaska Day a holiday in 1917. It is a paid holiday for state employees.

Alaska's purchase was accomplished solely through the determined efforts of US Secretary of State William H. Seward. For many years afterward the land was mockingly referred to as "Seward's Folly" or "Seward's Icebox" because of its supposed uselessness.

It was not until after the discovery of gold that Alaska was given a governor and a local administration.
It became an organized (or incorporated) territory on May 11, 1912, and the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3, 1959.


The first spreadsheet program Visicalc (for "visible calculator") was released for the Apple II on October 17, 1979. It was developed by Dan Bricklin of Software Arts, and was then produced for distribution by Personal Software.

An example VisiCalc spreadsheet on an Apple II

Sales were initially brisk, with about 300,000 copies sold. It eventually sold over 700,000 copies in six years, and as many as 1 million copies over its history.

VisiCalc is often considered the application that turned the microcomputer from a hobby for computer enthusiasts into a serious business tool, prompting IBM to introduce the IBM PC two years later.

Spreadsheet Day commemorates on October 17 every year the date that VisiCalc, the first spreadsheet program for personal computers, was released.


October 16th is World Food Day. It marks the founding of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations on October 16, 1945.


Over 150 countries hold events each year marking World Food Day.  One example is the World Food Day Sunday Dinners that Oxfam America sponsors in collaboration with several other non-profits

The day is celebrated widely by many other organizations concerned with food security, including the World Food Program and the International Fund for Agricultural Development.

Over 2 billion people do not have regular access to safe, nutritious and sufficient food.

Nearly 690 million people are hungry, up 10 million since 2019.

Only nine plant species account for 66% of total crop production, despite the fact that there are at least 30 000 edible plants.

Approximately 14% of food produced for human consumption is lost each year between the stages where it is grown or raised up to when it reaches the wholesale market. More food is wasted at the retail food and consumer stages.


Global Handwashing Day is celebrated every year on October 15th. It's a global advocacy day dedicated to promoting the importance of handwashing with soap as a simple yet effective way to prevent the spread of diseases.

Global Handwashing Day was initiated by the Global Handwashing Partnership (GHP) in August 2008 at the annual World Water Week in Stockholm, Sweden with the first Global Handwashing Day took place on October 15, 2008. The date was appointed by the UN General Assembly.

Photo below shows Global Handwashing Day 2008 celebrations with celebrities at City Central School in Cagayan de Oro, Philippines.

By SuSanA Secretariat - https://www.flickr.com

Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are more effective at battling some bacteria, like those causing staph infections. However, other bacteria are becoming more tolerant of such sanitizers, and regular hand washing with simple soap and water is the best solution for them. “It's the physical action of lifting and moving them off your skin, and letting them run down the drain.” said Lance Price, a professor at the George Washington University's Milken Institute School of Public Health to NPR.


Ukraine declared independence from the Soviet Union on August 24, 1991. Over 92% of Ukrainian voters approved their country's independence as declared by the Ukrainian parliament.

In 1954, Crimea became part of Ukraine. 60 years later Russia was suspended from the G8 after its annexation of Crimea and military intervention in Eastern Ukraine. Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula.

A decree by Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko in 2014 decreed Defender of Ukraine Day to be a new holiday due to the Russian military intervention and decommunization in Ukraine. October 14 was chosen due to the Ukrainian historical tradition since the 12th century of honoring the Ukrainian army on that day. October 14 is also the Day of the Ukrainian Cossacks. Picture below shows President Poroshenko taking part in the events on the Day of the Defender of Ukraine

By Адміністрація Президента України,



The United States Navy observes its birthday every year on October 13th

The Continental Congress established the Continental Navy (predecessor of the United States Navy) on October 13, 1775. With only two ships and a crew of eighty men, the main goal of the Continental Navy was to intercept shipments of British material and generally disrupt British maritime commercial operations during the Revolutionary War. 

By the end of 1775, Congress had authorized the construction of 13 new frigates. Within a decade the war had ended and Congress had disbanded the Continental Navy and sold the remaining ships.

Continental ship Columbus with captured British brig Lord Lifford, 1776

To protect American merchant ships from Barbary pirates, Congress passed the Naval Act on March 27, 1794. It authorized the building of six frigates, which eventually became the U.S. Navy.


Two months after he set sail from Palos de la Frontera, Spain to try to find a new route to the Orient, Christopher Columbus made his first first landfall in the Americas. The Pinta, Niña, and Santa María landed on an island of The Bahamas on October 12, 1492. Columbus named the newly discovered island, "San Salvador" meaning, "Saint of Salvation", to express his thankfulness at landing safely. Today it is known as Watling Island.

The landing is celebrated as Columbus Day in the United States on the second Monday in October. Actual observance varies in different parts of the United States, ranging from large-scale parades and events to complete non-observance. 

Columbus Day in Salem, Massachusetts in 1892

In some Latin American countries such as Mexico,  October 12 is known as Día de la Raza or (Day of the Race). Other countries such as Spain refer the holiday as Día de la Hispanidad and Fiesta Nacional de España where it is also the religious festivity of la Virgen del Pilar. 

In South Dakota and Wisconsin, Native American Day is a holiday celebrated across the United States in lieu of Columbus Day on October 12.  Native American Day is aimed at changing the way people view Native Americans as well as honoring the cultural contributions of their communities to the respective state’s history, as well as to the overall country.


Today is Friday 13th! The superstitions surrounding Friday the 13th stem from Jesus' crucifixion, which occurred on a Friday. According to the National Geographic, the fear of the number of 13 was fueled by Judas, the 13th apostle at the Last Supper, who betrayed Jesus.

Medieval Christians thought Friday unlucky as the day of the crucifixion, and 13 has been thought unlucky since pre-Christian times, but the two were not linked until the 19th century.

The first reference to an unlucky Friday the 13th came in an 1869 biography of the composer Gioachino Rossini who died on Friday, November 13, 1868.

On Friday January 13, 2017 Finn Air's flight 666 left for HEL (Helsinki) at 13:00 on a 13-year-old aircraft. They arrived safely.


On November 4, 1958 Angelo Roncalli was elected pope. He chose his father's name, John, and became Pope John XXIII thus making his views known on the disputed legitimacy of the 15th century Pope John XXIII.  He was crowned wearing the 1877 Palatine Tiara.

Pope John XXIII

He was aged seventy-six when elected and was considered a caretaker pope but instead he ushered in a new era in the Roman Catholic Church. Within three months of his election as pope, John XXIII proclaimed to the world his plan for a Vatican Council Two. The idea was inspired, he declared, by the Holy Spirit to "aggriornamento" (which means "bring up to date").

At the Second Vatican Council, which began meeting on October 11, 1962, great movements were set in train. Celebration in Latin was replaced by the use of the local language, relations with other denominations were relaxed, the role of the laity was enhanced, and the pope was made more 'one among equals'. Also evangelization and the reading of the Bible by the laity was encouraged.

Pope Francis approved Pope John XXIII for canonization without the traditional second miracle required. Instead, Francis based this decision on John XXIII's merits for the Second Vatican Council.

The date assigned for the liturgical celebration of John XXIII is not June 3rd, the anniversary of his death as would be usual, but October 11th, the anniversary of his opening of the Second Vatican Council.


World Sight Day is an annual event, that is always held on the second Thursday of October. The day aims to focus global attention on blindness and vision impairment. It was originally initiated by the SightFirstCampaign of Lions Club International Foundation in 2000 and this year, World Sight Day is to be held on Thursday October 13, 2022.

The first guide dog training schools were established in Germany during World War I to enhance the mobility of returning veterans who were blinded in combat. 

A blind man assisted by a guide dog in Brasília, Brazil. By Antonio Cruz

Blind people smile like everyone else, even though they've never seen anyone else smile. It's just a natural human expression.

If you go blind in one eye, you only lose about one fifth of your vision, but all your sense of depth.


World Mental Health Day is observed on October 10 every year. It is an international day for global mental health education, awareness and advocacy against social stigma. The day was celebrated for the first time on October 10, 1992 at the initiative of World Federation for Mental Health Deputy Secretary General Richard Hunter.

Rally for World Mental Health Day 2014 in Salem, Tamil By Chinchu.c 

Mental disorders were described, and treatments developed, in Persia, Arabia and in the medieval Islamic world. The first psychiatric hospitals were was built by the Muslims including ones in Baghdad in 700AD, Cairo in 800 AD and in Damascus in 1270 AD. The physicians of the Islamic world invented and used a variety of treatments, including occupational therapy, music therapy, as well as medication.

The parents of Brazilian author Paulo Coelho were so concerned about his stated dream of being a writer that they put him in a mental institution three times. He wrote a book about it, Veronika Decides To Die, 35 years later.

13.6 million Americans live with a serious mental illness.


October 9th was first declared World Post Day at the 1969 UPU Congress in Tokyo.


The Royal Mail was created by King Henry VIII of England in 1516. From then until 1840, postage in the UK was generally paid by the recipient rather than the sender.

Benjamin Franklin laid out the framework that would set up the American postal system. Franklin invested nearly 40 years to establish a reliable system of private communications in the colonies. He was appointed postmaster of Philadelphia in 1737 and then joint postmaster general of the colonies, a position he held until 1774 when he was fired for opening and publishing Massachusetts Royal Governor Thomas Hutchinson's correspondence.

The United States Postal Service is the single largest employer of veterans (22% of the postal workforce) and nearly a third of the veterans are disabled.


Today is the fifth day of World Space Week, an annual holiday observed from October 4 to 10 in over 95 nations throughout the world. It marks the launch on October 4, 1957 of the first man-made satellite, Sputnik 1, into orbit by the Soviet Union and the signing of the Outer Space Treaty on October 10, 1967.

Sputnik 1: The first artificial satellite to orbit Earth.

World Space Week is officially defined as "an international celebration of science and technology, and their contribution to the betterment of the human condition."

In 2020, the theme for World Space Week will be "Satellites Improve Life."


The Feast of Our Lady of the Rosary, originally known as the Feast of Our Lady of Victory and later as the Feast of the Holy Rosary, is celebrated on October 7th in the General Roman Calendar. This feast day was established to commemorate the Christian victory at the Battle of Lepanto on October 7, 1571. During this battle, a fleet of Christian forces, led by the Holy League, defeated the Ottoman Empire's navy in the waters off the coast of Greece.

Pope Pius V attributed the Christian victory to the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary through the rosary, and he subsequently instituted this feast day in her honor. The rosary is a form of prayer in the Catholic tradition that involves the repetition of prayers and meditation on specific events in the lives of Jesus Christ and the Virgin Mary.


Our Lady of the Rosary by Anthony van Dyck, between 1623 and 1624

On this day, Catholics and members of the Christian faith commemorate the power of prayer and the intercession of Mary in times of need. It is a day for reflecting on the spiritual significance of the rosary and seeking the Blessed Virgin Mary's intercession for peace and other intentions. Many Catholics attend Mass and participate in rosary processions on this feast day.


Nederlanders and Germans fleeing religious persecution began settling in the colony of Pennsylvania at the invitation of William Penn, in 1683. German Quaker, and Mennonite immigrant families founded Germantown on October 6, 1683, marking the first major immigration of German people to America.

The settlement was inhabited by fifty-four German families who had accompanied Johan Printz to the Swedish settlement on the Delaware several years earlier and had resettled themselves.

Germantown was the birthplace of the American antislavery movement. The first anti-slavery petition in the New World was drafted in the home of Thönes Kunders of Germantown in April 1688. Kunders hosted the early Germantown Quaker meetings and the Christian group were already prominent in their condemnation of this inhuman trade, with the society's founder, George Fox, speaking strongly against it.

Thones Kunders's house at 5109 Germantown Avenue

The founding of Germantown on October 6, 1683 was later to provide the date for German-American Day, a holiday in the United States, observed annually on October 6.


World Teachers' Day, also known as International Teachers Day, is an international day held annually on October 5 that acknowledges, evaluates, empowers, and appreciates teachers worldwide. First established in 1994, according to UNESCO, Teachers' Day celebrations are all about reminding society that "the right to education means the right to a qualified teacher. 

‘Marking' was invented at Cambridge University in 1792 by a chemistry tutor called William Farish.

Before he became the frontman of The Police, Sting taught English, music, and football at St. Catherine's Convent School for two years in Cramlington, England. He wrote the hit single "Don't Stand So Close to Me" about a teacher who is attracted to one of his students.


Saint Francis of Assisi's feast day is observed on October 4th. Francis died on the evening of October 3, 1226 at the Church of St Mary of the Angels in Portinuncula Assisi. He was pronounced a saint by Pope Gregory IX 20 months later.

Many stories have been told of Francis' ability to charm wild animals. It was said that he would talk to the animals and they would talk back. In fact most of these stories originate from a book, The Little Flowers Of Saint Francis, which was written a century after his death.

Legend of St. Francis, Sermon to the Birds, upper Basilica of San Francesco d'Assis

It was often reported that wild animals—rabbits, birds, even a wolf—became tame before Francis of Assisi. He especially cared for animals that were associated with Christ. If he saw a lamb being led off to slaughter, he would try to rescue it by pleading or trading for it.

It has become customary for Catholic and Anglican churches to hold ceremonies blessing animals on his feast day. 

In acknowledgement of his love for the countryside and wild creatures, Francis of Assisi was designated patron saint of ecology in 1980.

World Animal Day is celebrated annually on October 4, the feast day of St Francis of Assisi, patron saint of animals.


Harvey Ball, a commercial artist from Worcester, Massachusetts, was the man who created and popularized the two-dots-and-a-grin smiley logo.

World Smile Day was inaugurated in 1999 by Harvey Ball. It is held annually on the first Friday in October.

The catchphrase of World Smile Day is “Do an act of kindness. Help one person smile.”

Ball posing with a selection of Smiley merchandising Wikipedia

An average woman smiles 62 times a day, the average man smiles only 8 times a day.


From 1949 to 1990, Germany was made up of two countries called the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) under a Christian Democrat coalition and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) under a communist regime.

During this time, Berlin was divided into a west and an east part. In 1961, East Germany started building the Berlin Wall between the two parts of Berlin.

On November 9, 1989, Communist-controlled East Germany opened checkpoints in the Berlin Wall allowing its citizens to travel to West Germany. This key event led to the eventual reunification of East and West Germany, and fall of communism in eastern Europe including Russia.

On October 3, 1990, The German Democratic Republic ceased to exist and its territory became part of the Federal Republic of Germany. East German citizens became part of the European Community, which later became the European Union. 

The flag of unity at midnight of 3 October 1990 in front of the Reichstag

October 3rd is now celebrated every year as German Unity Day.


Today is the second day of October.

The name "October" comes from the Latin oct for "eight". It was the eighth month of the year before January and February were added by the Romans to the beginning of the year.

The Anglo-Saxons called October Winterfylleth meaning the 'fullness' (not dirtiness) of winter. It signified the beginning of winter.

October, from the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry

The Welsh for October is Hydref (originally Hyddfref), a word signifying the distinctive sound uttered by cattle. In Catholic Europe in 1582, October had only 21 days. When countries changed from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, the days from 5-14 October were omitted.

Six US presidents have been born in October, more than in any other month.


Sake Day ("Nihonshu no Hi" in Japan) is an annual event held on October 1 as a tribute to sake. Sake Day used to be regarded as only a national event in Japan, but is now a worldwide occasion. October 1 is traditionally the starting date of sake production in Japan.

Sake served in a clear glass

Sake is the national beverage in Japan. It is often served there with special ceremony – gently warmed in a small earthenware or porcelain bottle called a tokkuri, and sipped from a small porcelain cup called a sakazuki.

Most sake is made from rice, water, kōji, and yeast. Small amounts of pure alcohol can be added at the end of production.


Jerome of Stridon, commonly known as Saint Jerome, was a Latin priest, theologian, and historian. His feast day is September 30.

In 405, Jerome completed the most important of his works; a version of the Old Testament from the original Hebrew text, Prior to Jerome's Vulgate, all Latin translations of the Old Testament had been based on the Septuagint not the Hebrew.

His Vulgate Bible became the standard Bible of the western world throughout the Middle Ages and the basis for many translations.

Saint Jerome by Matthias Stom, 1635

Jerome died near Bethlehem on September 30, 420.  He is recognized as the patron saint of translators, librarians and encyclopedists.

In art, Jerome is often represented as one of the four Latin doctors of the Church along with Augustine, Ambrose, and Pope Gregory I.


"World Heart Day" was founded by the World Heart Federation in 2000 to inform people around the globe that heart disease and strokes are the world’s leading causes of death, It is celebrated on September 29 every year.

By Blausen Medical Communications, Inc

Worldwide, 17.3 million people die every year from heart disease or stroke, which account for 31 per cent of all deaths.

Shoveling snow is a known trigger for heart attacks. Some hospitals even prepare for more cardiac related visits after a large snowfall.


Wenceslaus' feast day is celebrated on September 28.

Wenceslaus I (the "Good King Wenceslas" of the Christmas carol) became the duke of Bohemia in 921. Renowned for his piety, he founded many churches in Prague, including a rotunda consecrated to St. Vitus at Prague Castle, which exists as present-day St. Vitus Cathedral.

Duke Wenceslaus I of Bohemia was murdered on September 28, 935, when he was killed by nobles on his way to Mass at the church door. The people were outraged and regarded the martyred duke as a saint.

Murder of Duke Wenceslaus, Liber viaticus (14th century)

Wenceslaus was posthumously declared to be a king by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, and later came to be seen as the patron saint of the Czech Republic.

The September 28 Wenceslaus feast day has been a public holiday in the Czech Republic since 2000, celebrated as Czech Statehood Day.


Tourism gives rural communities the ability to protect and promote their natural surroundings, as well as their culture and heritage. The United Nations World Tourism Organization has celebrated World Tourism Day as international observances on September 27th since 1980. This date was chosen as on that day in 1970, the Statutes of the UNWTO were adopted.

The modern tourist industry began on July 5, 1841, when Thomas Cook organized a trip from Market Harborough to Loughborough in the English Midlands for a temperance meeting.

The word "tourist" for individuals travelling for recreation has been in the English language since at least 1772. "Tourism" came into use in 1811 and "package holiday" in 1959.


Englishman in the Campagna by Carl Spitzweg (c. 1845)

Before the Coronavirus pandemic tourism accounted for five per cent of the world's economy. Fuels, chemicals and automotive products were the only sectors earning more in global exports.


Today is Johnny Appleseed Day, a day that commemorates the birth of John Chapman –  a pioneer nurseryman that was responsible for introducing apple trees to large parts of Pennsylvania, Ontario, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois.

John “Johnny Appleseed” Chapman was born in Leominster, Massachusetts on September 26, 1774. His birthplace has a granite marker, and the street is called Johnny Appleseed Lane.

John became a frontier missionary and pioneer nurseryman who introduced apple trees to the Great Lakes area. After collecting apple seeds from cider presses in western Pennsylvania he embarked on a long trek westward, walking barefoot, planting a series of apple nurseries from Pennsylvania to central Ohio and beyond.

He preached the gospel as he traveled, and during his travels he converted many Native Americans, whom he admired.


Today is National Lobster Day. Senators Susan Collins and Angus King of Maine drafted a joint resolution in 2014 designating September 25th of every year as National Lobster Day in the USA. The day is designed to recognize not only the lobster industry but also the men and women who work so hard in that industry to bring lobsters to America’s tables.

In colonial America, lobster wasn't exactly a delicacy. In fact eating lobster was considered a mark of poverty and that people would bury the shells to hide the fact that they were eating it.

Lobster was so cheap and plentiful it was often served to prisoners. They also used lobster as yard fertilizer and fishing bait.

In the early 1900s, Lobster was considered the “cockroach of the ocean” and was synonymous with the poor – often eaten regularly by the homeless, slaves and prisoners. It wasn’t until after World War II that lobster became considered a delicacy and a food associated with the aristocratic classes.


September 24th is Republic Day in Trinidad and Tobago.

Trinidad was a Spanish colony from the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1498 until Spanish governor Don José María Chacón surrendered the island to a British fleet under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby in 1797.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, Tobago changed hands among Spanish, British, French, Dutch and Courlander colonizers.

Trinidad and Tobago were ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens as separate states and unified in 1889. 

Trinidad and Tobago received independence from the United Kingdom on August 31, 1962.

Republic Day in Trinidad and Tobago, a public holiday celebrating their becoming a republic in 1976 and ceasing to be a Commonwealth realm. Actually they did that on August 1, 1976. September 24 was when their first parliament met.


Today is Saudi National Day. The day is celebrated in Saudi Arabia every September 23 to commemorate the renaming of the Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by royal decree of King Abdul Aziz Al Saud in 1932.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Ottoman Empire continued to control or have a suzerainty over most of the Arab peninsula. King Ibn Saud united the Arab peninsular into a single state through a series of conquests beginning in 1902 with the capture of Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud.



On September 23, 1932, the regions of Hejaz and Nejd merged to form the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with Ibn Saud as the first monarch and Riyadh as the capital city.


The September equinox is the moment when the Sun appears to cross the celestial equator, heading southward. The September equinox usually occurs on September 22 or 23rd. Astronomers use the equinox to mark the transition from summer season to fall in the Northern Hemisphere, and the transition from the winter season  to spring in the Southern Hemisphere.

Sunset at the equinox from the site of Pizzo Vento at Fondachelli Fantina, Sicily

The spring and autumn equinoxes are the only days when the Sun rises directly due east and sets due west in the northern hemisphere.


September 22 is the birthday of J.R.R. Tolkien's hobbit characters Bilbo and Frodo Baggins from his popular set of books The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. Bilbo was born in the year of 2890 and Frodo in the year of 2968 in the Third Age (1290 and 1368 respectively in Shire-Reckoning.) In recognition of these famous characters, this date has come to be known as "Hobbit Day."

Wikipedia

J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit was published on September 21, 1937. The word 'hobbit' existed in English long before Tolkien, meaning a seed-basket or a local measure equal to two-and-a-half bushels


Peace Day, also known as the International Day of Peace, is observed annually on September 21. It was established in 1981 by the United Nations General Assembly to promote peace and non-violence around the world. In 2001, the UN strengthened its commitment to peace by designating the day as a period of global non-violence and ceasefire.


Peace Day logo By http://www.internationaldayofpeace.org/, Wikipedia.

International experts report that 92 countries are currently involved in conflicts beyond their orders, the highest number since the Second World War. Peace Day serves as a platform to promote efforts aimed at resolving conflicts, advancing human rights, and addressing inequalities. It highlights the need for long-term peacebuilding through education, diplomacy, and community action.

Around the world, schools, communities, and organizations hold events like peace marches, concerts, and discussions to honor the day and raise awareness of the importance of peace.


In a referendum held on September 21, 1991, shortly after the failed anti-Gorbachev coup in Moscow, 94% of Armenians voted for secession from the USSR. The Independence Day of Armenia, the country's main state holiday, is celebrated on September 21.
Independence day decorations in Republic Square, Yerevan By Armineaghayan

"Mer Hayrenik", the national anthem of the First Republic of Armenia, became a protest song when it was banned during the Soviet era.

The national flag of Armenia, the Armenian Tricolor, was adopted on August 24, 1990. The orange on the Armenian flag is the color of apricots, which are a national symbol.




Today (September 20th) is National Punch Day. Punch is a general term for a beverage containing various mixed drinks, often including fruit, fruit juice, and/or alcohol.


Punch was introduced to England from India. It was so called because it was made up of five ingredients: lemon juice, sugar, tea, hot water, and arrack (an eastern spirit often made from rice) and punch or "punca" is the Sanskrit word for the numeral "5".

In the 1810s, cold green tea punches, heavily spiked with alcohol were popular in England. One example was Regent's Punch, named after Prince George, was acting as regent for his senile father King George III.

The first publication of a bartender's guide, which listed recipes for various punches, was made in America in 1862.


The state funeral service for Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realmstook place at Westminster Abbey at 11:00 on September 19, 2022, followed by a committal service later that day at St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. The Queen was interred in the King George VI Memorial Chapel at St George's.


Princess Elizabeth became Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, and Head of the Commonwealth when her father, King George VI, died on February 6, 1952. At the exact moment of succession, she was in a tree house at the Treetops Hotel in Kenya.

She was crowned in Westminster Abbey 16 months later. It was the first coronation to be televised and millions watched worldwide.

Queen Elizabeth II became Britain's longest-reigning monarch on September 9, 2015 when she passed the record set by her great-great-grandmother Queen Victoria at 17:30 BST. At that moment, The Queen had reigned for 23,226 days (63 years and seven months), 16 hours and approximately 30 minutes.

On January 31, 2019, Queen Elizabeth II became the world’s longest reigning female ruler ever, overtaking Eleanor of Aquitaine, who died in 1204. Eleanor, who was also queen consort of France and England, was Duchess of Aquitaine for 66 years and 358 days.

Queen Elizabeth II died at the age of 96 on September 8, 2022 at Balmoral Castle. She was succeeded by her son King Charles III.


International Talk Like a Pirate Day is celebrated on September 19 each year as the day when everyone in the world should talk like a pirate. An observer of this holiday should greet friends not with "Hello, everyone!" but with "Ahoy, maties!" or "Ahoy, me hearties!" The day was born in 1995, when John Baur (Ol' Chumbucket) and Mark Summers (Cap'n Slappy), of Albany, Oregon were playing racquetball. One of them reacted to an injury with an outburst of "Aaarrr!", and the idea was born.


English actor Robert Newton is the "patron saint" of Talk Like a Pirate Day. Newton is best remembered for his portrayal of Long John Silver in the 1950 film adaptation of Treasure Island, the film that became the standard for screen portrayals of historical pirates. Hailing from the West Country, his exaggeration of his West Country accent is credited with popularizing the stereotypical "pirate voice." Newton was the first actor to employ the phrase "Arrrrh, matey!"

However, John Barrymore was the first Long John to use "arrr!" to mean "yes" back in 1934.


National Cheeseburger Day honors America’s favorite burger with a slice of cheese. It is celebrated each year on September 18th.

The first recorded sighting of the word 'cheeseburger' was on a 1928 menu for the Los Angeles restaurant O'Dell's. It listed a cheeseburger smothered with chili all for the price of 25 cents.

The trademark for the name "cheeseburger" was awarded to Louis Ballast of the Humpty Dumpty Drive-In, in Denver, Colorado in 1935. 


A Burger King "Quad Stacker" cheeseburger, containing four patties and bacon

The world record for eating a 9lb Big Daddy Cheeseburger is 27min 0sec by Sonya Thomas. Sonya Thomas also holds the record for eating seven 3/4lb ‘Thickburgers’ in 10 minutes.

The biggest cheeseburger ever made weighed 2,014 pounds. A Minnesota casino cooked it in 2012, and then gave it away to its guests for free.

In 2008, McDonald's saved $278,850,000 by removing one of the two slices of cheese from the McDouble Cheeseburger.


On September 17, 1787, the Founding Fathers signed the American Constitution in Philadelphia. Constitution Day is an American federal observance that commemorates the adoption of the Constitution of the United States and those who have become United States citizens. It is normally observed on September 17.

Signing of the Constitution  (1940 by Howard Chandler Christy)

The leaders of the United States assembled in 1787 to write the constitution. The convention lasted from May 25 to September 17, 1787 and Benjamin Franklin, who was the governor of Pennsylvania, called on the group to offer regular, daily prayer to ask for God’s assistance and blessings in their deliberations.  

The convention lasted from May 25 to September 17, 1787. The Constitution was signed by 39 delegates, but there were 55 delegates at the Constitution Convention with the goal "to form a more perfect union."

The Constitution may have been signed in 1787, but it was not until 1788 that it was ratified by the required number of states, as nine states were required. Delaware was the first state to ratify the Constitution in December 1787.

The United States Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world still in operation.


Today is Mayflower Day, which commemorates the day when the Pilgrim Fathers left Plymouth, England, and set sail on The Mayflower to the New World.


The ship they hired for the voyage, The Mayflower, was tiny, with a deck just 90ft long. Even so, this small ship took 102 English Separatists to the New World, as well as its crew of 25-30.

The Mayflower departed from Southampton, England on its first attempt to reach the New World on August 5, 1620. It was forced to dock in Dartmouth when its companion ship, the Speedwell, sprung a leak. It eventually set sail from from Plymouth, England for North America on September 16, 1620.

Because of bad weather and a shortage of beer, the Pilgrims were forced to land at Cape Cod on November 9, 1620, far away from the territory granted to them.

After tense encounters with Native Americans, the Pilgrims landed in their final destination of Plymouth Rock in Plymouth, Massachusetts in December.


Today is Battle of Britain Day, the name given to the large-scale aerial battle that took place on September 15, 1940, during the Battle of Britain

German Heinkel He 111 bombers over the English Channel 1940

The Battle Of Britain was a World War II air battle between German and British air forces over Britain from July 10, 1940 to October 31, 1940. It was intended as a preliminary to the German invasion plan Seelöwe (Sea Lion) of Britain.

The Battle of Britain reached its climax on September 15, 1940. Two massive waves of German attacks were decisively repulsed by the RAF by deploying every aircraft in 11 Group. Though the RAF was down to their last legs with no reserves left, Hitler postponed preparations for the invasion of Britain. The Luftwaffe started to retreat and flew home and instead they began blitzing London and other British cities with night time raids.


Pope Gregory XIII introduced the modern calendar in 1582. In attempting to eliminate the difference between the date of the birth of Christ as it was then estimated and the errors that have been made and repeated ever since, the Pontiff removed all the days between the 4th and 15th of October of the current year. Roman Catholic countries including Italy, Poland, Portugal, and Spain quickly adopted the new system, but many people were upset as they felt the papacy has taken away 11 days of their lives.


Two centuries later, the Gregorian calendar was adopted by Great Britain and the English colonies on September 14, 1752, skipping eleven days (the previous day was September 2nd).

The Gregorian calendar isn't perfect—its dates become one day off from Earth's seasons every 3,216 years.


Children's author Roald Dahl's birthday on September 13 is celebrated as "Roald Dahl Day" in Africa, the United Kingdom and Latin America in celebration of the author who wrote nearly 50 beloved books.

Roald Dahl was born  in Wales on September 13, 1916. His sense of humor came early aged eight he and four friends got into trouble for putting a dead mouse in a jar of gobstoppers at the local sweet shop in a prank the boys named the Great Mouse Plot of 1924 .


Dahl in April 1954

Dahl joined the RAF at the outbreak of World War II, where he served as a fighter pilot, attaining the rank of wing commander. Posted to America in 1942, to work at the British Embassy,  his stint at the British Embassy helped him realize his talent for writing. He discovered this skill while penning propaganda for American newspapers.

Dahl started work on his first children's book, The Gremlins in America. Though he succeeded in getting a publishing deal, a proposed Disney film never materialized.

Many of his books and stories have been made into films all over the world. However, the first movie adaptation of one of Dahl's books did not go well. After his screenplay for 1964's Charlie And The Chocolate Factory was rewritten, Dahl disowned the film. It was released in 1971, as Willy Wonka & The Chocolate Family, starring Gene Wilder.


National Video Game Day is a holiday that is celebrated on September 12th.

American physicists Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann were awarded a patent on December 14, 1948 for their "Cathode-ray tube amusement device," an oscilloscope featuring a set of knobs and switches. It was the first interactive electronic game.

Pong was commercially released by Atari, in November 1972. The first commercially successful video game, Pong was based on table tennis. Nolan Bushnell said it was a game ‘so simple that any drunk in any bar could play’.

Pong Pixiebay

When the gaming industry was in its infancy during the mid 1970s, consoles were hard-wired to play one or two crude games such as Pong. Atari changed that in 1977 with the 2600, the first console to take an unlimited number of games cartridges, heralding the age of the PlayStation, Wii and the Xbox.


Patriot Day occurs each year on September 11 in the United States in memory of the people killed in the September 11 attacks of the year 2001.

Below, President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney lead a moment of silence on the South Lawn with White House staff and families of victims of 9/11 on September 11, 2004.



The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by 19 members of the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001. 

Two hijacked aircraft crashed into the World Trade Center in New York City, while a third smashed into The Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, and a fourth into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania.

In the immediate aftermath of the terrorist attacks, President George W. Bush proclaimed September 14, 2001, as a National Day of Prayer and Remembrance for the Victims of the Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001.

September 11 is now remembered as Patriot Day in the US in memory of those killed. The US flag is flown at half-staff at the White House and on all US government buildings and establishments throughout the world.

A moment of silence is observed to correspond with the attacks, beginning at 8:46 a.m. (Eastern Daylight Time), the time the first plane struck the North Tower of the World Trade Center.


National TV Dinner Day is observed annually on September 10th.

A Swanson "Hungry-Man Country Fried Chicken" TV dinner. By Famartin

C.A. Swanson & Sons of Omaha, Nebraska introduced the first TV dinner in 1954 to America. Executive Gerald Thomas came up with the idea when the company had half a million pounds of leftover turkey from Thanksgiving stored in ten refrigerated railroad cars. On a visit to a Pittsburgh distributor he noticed a box of metal trays that an airline was testing as a way to serve heated meals on international flights. He saw a future for the unwanted turkeys.

The Swanson TV dinner was roast turkey with stuffing and gravy, sweet potatoes and peas. It sold for 98 cents and came in an aluminium tray, so the diner could just open the box and heat the dinner in the oven. The cooking time was usually 25 minutes.


National Teddy Bear Day honors on September 9th the history of one of childhood’s favorite toys.


The teddy bear was named after Theodore Roosevelt. The American president's childhood nickname was "Teedie," but his adult nickname was "Teddy" (which he despised and considered improper, preferring "T.R."). 

Theodore Roosevelt started the fashion for Teddy bears when during a hunting trip in Mississippi in 1902, he refused to shoot a defenseless black bear that had been tied to a willow tree. Political cartoonist Clifford Berryman picked up on the story, drawing a cartoon showing President Roosevelt with a bear, which ran in the Washington Post two days later.

An alert Brooklyn shop owner Morris Michtom saw the cartoon and created a tiny plush toy bear cub with his wife Rose's help. He sent it to Roosevelt asking the president for permission to use the name "Teddy." Roosevelt replied: "I don't think my name is likely to be worth much in the bear business, but you are welcome to use it."

After receiving permission to use Roosevelt's name, Michtom put a plush bear in the shop window with a sign "Teddy's bear"  The sale of the bears was so brisk that Michtom created the Ideal Novelty and Toy Company, which began making dolls in 1907 to complement its line of teddy bears.


Today is National Ampersand Day. National Ampersand Day is celebrated on September 8th each year to honor '&,' a Latin character and a logogram that depicts the conjunction 'AND.'



The symbol ampersand (&) was regarded as the 27th letter of the English alphabet, as taught to children in the US and elsewhere. It was seen as a ligature of the letters 'e' and 't' to form the Latin word 'et' meaning 'and'. So the alphabet would go X,Y,Z and And. An example may be seen in M. B. Moore's 1863 book The Dixie Primer, for the Little Folks. To distinguish it from the rest, children started to say 'and per say and' which later evolved into 'ampersand'.


On September 7, 1822, Prince Pedro declared the independence of Brazil from Portugal on the shores of the Ipiranga creek in São Paulo. After waging a successful war against his father's kingdom, he was acclaimed the following month as Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil. The Monument to Independence in São Paulo's Independence Park is located at the place where then-Prince Pedro proclaimed the independence of Brazil.

Prince Pedro declares the Independence of Brazi by Pedro Américo.

Today The Independence Day of Brazil, commonly called Sete de Setembro (Seventh of September, is a national holiday observed in Brazil on September 7 each year.

Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world by landmass with 5.35 million square miles (behind Russia, Canada, China and the United States). Its only 300,000 square miles smaller than the US.

Brazil is the longest country in the world, and spans approximately 2800 miles from north to south via land.


Today is World Beard Day.


World Beard Day is celebrated annually on an international level with people from every nation and continent gathering together with their beards. It is held on the first Saturday of September. While World Beard Day customs specific to their own region, shaving on World Beard Day is universally considered to be highly disrespectful.

Tsar Peter I of Russia’s visits to the West impressed upon him the notion that European customs were in several respects superior to Russian traditions. The Tsar imposed on September 5, 1698, a tax on beards. All men except priests and peasants had to pay up to 100 roubles (a small fortune in those years) annually and carry around a copper or bronze token to show they had paid the tax. Peasants were allowed to wear beards in their villages, but were required to shave it off when entering the city or pay a one kopek coin for it.

Beards cane roaring back into fashion in the UK in the mid 19th Century. They had been banned in the army, but the freezing conditions endured  by troops during the Crimean War made shaving and impossible, so facial hair flourished  in the military. This helped to bring mutton chops and other forms of facial hair back into fashion.


Today is the anniversary of The Victoria becoming the first known ship to circumnavigate the world.

A detail from a map of 1590 showing Victoria

Ferdinand Magellan was placed in charge of five ships by King Charles to try to get to the East Indies by sailing westwards. He hoped to find a strait which would lead past North America and end the Portuguese domination of the Spice trade  Ferdinand Magellan and his 270 shipmates set sail in September 1519 from San Lucar, near Seville with the lead ship Trinidad, along with four other vessels – San Antonio, Santiago, Concepcion, and Victoria. On board was enough food to last two years

14 months later, the three remaining ships entered the South Pacific, having survived the wild and stormy waters that divided the Latin American mainland from Tierra Del Fuego. Magellan named the waters the Mar Pacifico (Pacific Ocean) because of its apparent stillness.

When Magellan was killed in battle in The Phillipines, the command went to a merchant ship captain. Juan Sebastián Elcano who had signed on as a subordinate officer for the voyage in order to gain the king's pardon for previous misdeeds.

When the two remaining ships reached the Spice Islands they traded with the Sultan of Tidore, a rival of the Sultan of Ternate. Elcano decided to avoid the Magellan Straits again, so they took the eastern route risking bumping into Portuguese ships who would have pirated the spices they had on board.

The Trinidad broke off and was no longer seaworthy, leaving only Victoria to continue and return to Seville.

Magellan's 18 surviving companions having sailed 30,700 miles, reached Seville on September 6, 1522, completing the return voyage under Elcano.


Today is the feast day of Mother Teresa.

Mother Teresa 1995 By Kingkong photo www.celebrity-photos.com 

Agnes Bojaxhiu (later to be known as Mother Teresa) was born on August 26, 1910 in Skopje (now the capital of the Republic of Macedonia), Ottoman Empire.

At the age of 12 Agnes Bojaxhiu already knew she wanted to be a missionary and her desire increased when local Jesuits, sent on missions of mercy to India, wrote enthusiastic letters back home about happenings in Bengal.

In 1928 the teenage Albanian arrived in India, where she joined the Loretto Convent in Darjiling. On September 10, 1946, while riding a train to Darjeeling, she experienced what she later described as "the call within the call", directing her to leave the convent and devote herself to the sick and impoverished.

She began missionary work with the poor in 1948 and two years later on October 7, 1950, Mother Teresa founded the Missionaries of Charity. Over the next decades Mother Teresa's organization established schools and opened centers to treat the blind, aged, lepers, disabled and dying throughout the world.

On March 13, 1997 Mother Teresa resigned as head of the Missionaries of Charity, and she died of a heart attack on September 5, 1997.

Pope Francis canonized Mother Teresa at a ceremony on September 4, 2016 in St. Peter's Square in Vatican City. Tens of thousands of people witnessed the ceremony, including 15 government delegations and 1,500 homeless people from across Italy. The anniversary of her death (5 September) is her feast day.


Today is the anniversary of the beginning of the electrical age.


Godalming in southeastern England came to world attention when it became the first town in the world to have a public electricity supply installed, which made electricity available to consumers. It was powered by a waterwheel, located at Westbrook Mill, on the river Wey. The Godmaling streets were first illuminated on October 1, 1881.

In an effort to produce electric light, Thomas Edison studied the entire history of lighting. He filled 200 notebooks containing more than 40,000 pages with his notes on gas illumination alone.

Edison bought electricity to the masses by digging up roads and installing cables. He designed the first hydroelectric plant, the steam-driven Pearl Street Plant, which put electric light in the streets and houses. 

AT 3pm on September 4, 1882, Thomas Edison flicked a switch to turn on the world’s first electricity power plant to supply electricity to paying customers in Pearl Street, Manhattan, New York. This is considered by many as the day that began the electrical age.

When Edison declared an interest in supplying electricity to subscribers, the gas suppliers, in fear for their domestic lighting business took him to court. They argued that electricity was too dangerous to be supplied to households. The courts’ ruling was that a maximum 100-volt was safe to supply.

The Vulcan Street Plant, the first hydroelectric central station to serve a system of private and commercial customers in North America, was put into operation four weeks later in Appleton, Wisconsin, US. The first buildings to be lit by the Vulcan Street Plant were the Appleton Paper and Pulp Company building, the Vulcan Paper Mill  and the home of H.J. Rogers, who was the president of the Appleton Paper and Pulp Co at the time


The consecration took place on this day in 590 of Pope Gregory I (Gregory the Great).

By Meister des Registrum Gregorii. - Trier, Stadtbibliothek

Pope Gregory I commonly known as Saint Gregory the Great, was Pope from 590 to his death in 604.

Gregory's father was Gordianus, a wealthy patrician, probably of the eminent patrician family of the gens Anicia , who owned large estates in Sicily and a mansion on the Caelian Hill in Rome. Of Gregory's early years we know very little, except how he loved to meditate on the Scriptures and to listen attentively to the conversations of his elders, so that he was "devoted to God from his youth up".

Gregory spent five years as an emissary to the imperial court at Constantinople between 579-584. Then he devoted himself to teaching and literary work.

On September 3, 590 Gregory was elected pope by the church leaders but he refused the office and fled from Rome. Gregory hid in the forest until he was found and was hauled back to the city where he reluctantly agreed to take the post. Gregory had no craving for the position and was so upset that he could barely speak.

At the time of Gregory's elevation to the papacy, Rome was in the midst of a plague epidemic to which Gregory's predecessor, Pelagius had been a victim. Gregory's first act as pope was to order a sorrowful procession through the city. The plague subsided. It was said that Pope Gregory originated the usage of the phrase "God Bless You", when someone sneezes, at a time when sneezing was a mortal symptom because of the plague.

Gregory encouraged many doctrines that later became prevalent in the Roman Catholic church such as the belief in the power of saints and relics, purgatory and transubstantiation in communion. He introduced the Catholic custom of placing ashes on the forehead as a sign of penitence from which Ash Wednesday originated.


The Great Fire of London broke out on this day in 1666.

Ludgate in flames, with St Paul's Cathedral in the distance

The Great Fire of London broke out on September 2, 1666, beginning at the house of Thomas Farynor, the king's baker in Pudding Lane.

It burned for three days and is estimated to have destroyed the homes of 70,000 of London's 80,000 inhabitants as well as 87 out of 109 churches.

Temperatures in Pudding Lane reached 1,700 degrees centigrade during the Great Fire of London. This heat cremated remains of victims leaving no recognizable remains.

The official death toll from the fire is only six people but many more unrecorded poor people must have been killed by the flames or smoke.

Nine days after the Great Fire of London, Christopher Wren prepared a plan for rebuilding the city which he presented King Charles II with. In it he removed the crowded alleyways which were a fire and health hazard. All new streets would have one of three widths - 90,60 or 30 feet.


Today is the United States federal holiday Labor Day.

Illustration of the first American Labor parade held in New York City on September 5, 1882

Peter J. McGuire, an Irish-American general secretary of the Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners, is considered by many to be the Father of the Labor Day holiday. He wanted citizens that “labored” all year long to be acknowledged and have a day to relax. After witnessing the annual labor festival held in Toronto, Canada, he suggested during a Central Labor Union on May 18, 1882: "Let us have, a festive day during which a parade through the streets of the city would permit public tribute to American Industry."

Others believe that a machinist called Matthew Maguire founded the holiday. They contend that Maguire proposed the holiday in 1882 while serving as secretary of the Central Labor Union in New York.

The first Labor Day happened way back on Tuesday, September 5, 1882 in New York City in accordance with the plans of the Central Labor Union. 10,000 workers marched through New York City before a picnic, concert, and speeches at a park. Many of them lost a day's pay in order to participate.

Worker unions chose the first Monday in September because it meant time off between Independence Day and Thanksgiving.

Labor Day received its first official recognition by local governments. Oregon was the first state to make Labor Day an official holiday in 1887.

It wasn't until June 28, 1894 that Congress passed an act making the first Monday in September of each year a legal holiday.


Today is the first day of the month of September.

September, from the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry

September mean 'seven' in Latin as it was originally the seventh month in the Julian calendar, created by Julius Caesar.

The Anglo-Saxons called September 'Gerst monath', meaning 'barley month'.

September is the only month with the same number of letters in its name in English as the number of the month. It is the ninth month and has nine letters.

In 1752 September had only 19 days in the UK as the country moved from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar.

On an average September day more babies are born in the US than on a day in any other month.


Today is the anniversary of the death of Diana, Princess of Wales.


On the night of August 31, 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales and her boyfriend Dodi Fayed were both tragically killed in a motor accident when the car they were in collided with a beam on the Pont D'Alma near the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France.

In Britain in unprecedented scenes of grieving, millions of mourners flocked to London to lay flowers and toys in her memory. This public outpouring of grief over the tragic death of ‘the people’s princess’ is to many commentators in the media an outbreak of hysteria. However in such tragedy mourners are turning to religious symbols such as offering up a candle and tying to railings written prayers as a way of expressing their emotions.

Her funeral was held a week later. Over a million people lined the streets and the world-wide TV audience for the funeral ceremonies was estimated at approximately 2.5 billion people, which, in 1997, was about 43% of the entire population of Earth.

Elton John sung a new version of  his hit single "Candle In The Wind" at Princess Diana's funeral. The new version, which replaced "Goodbye Norma Jean" with "Goodbye England's Rose," became the best-selling single of all time.

Diana was buried on an island at her ancestral home at Althorp.


Today is the anniversary of Hubert Booth patenting the first vacuum cleaner.


In 1900 Hubert Booth of Glasgow, Scotland demonstrated the principle of extracting dust from carpets by suction. He patented his device on August 30, 1901. Soon after, he coined the phrase “vacuum cleaner”, in calling his business “The Vacuum Cleaner Company Ltd”.

Earlier sucking cleaners had been patented but Booth's was the first not to rely on manual power. His first models used oil but later electricity was used.

Hubert Booth's sucking cleaning device looked nothing like a modern vacuum cleaner. The five horse-power motor and pump were so enormous that they were mounted on a horse-drawn carriage, while long tubes up to 25 yards long reached into the building that was being cleaned.

The making of Hubert Booth's vacuum cleaner was the 1902 coronation of Edward VII of the United Kingdom during which his invention cleaned the blue carpets of Westminster Abbey. The king and queen were sufficiently impressed to order two cleaners- one for Windsor Castle, the other for Buckingham Palace.

As a result of the monarch's purchase of the device, society hostesses threw parties in their homes so guests could watch Booth's vacuum cleaner in action.


Today is the anniversary of Gottlirb Daimler patenting the first internal combustion motorcycle.


Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler and his lifelong business partner Wilhelm Maybach developed in 1885 a high-speed internal combustion engine.They were granted a German patent for their engine design on April 3, 1885.

Daimler and Maybach subsequently fitted their engine to a bicycle to create the first internal combustion motorcycle. The design was patented on August 29, 1885.

The inventors called their invention the Reitwagen ("riding car"). It was designed as an expedient testbed for their new engine, rather than a true prototype vehicle.

Daimler's 17-year-old son, Paul,  was the first to ride the Reitwagen taking it 5–12 kilometres (3.1–7.5 mi), from Cannstatt to Untertürkheim in Stuttgart, Germany on November 18, 1885. The seat caught fire during that journey, due to the engine's hot tube ignition being located directly underneath.

The first commercial design for a self-propelled cycle was a three-wheel design called the Butler Petrol Cycle, conceived of Edward Butler in England in 1884. He exhibited his plans for the vehicle at the Stanley Cycle Show in London in 1884. The vehicle was built by the Merryweather Fire Engine company in Greenwich four years later


Today is the anniversary of Caleb B. Bradburn naming his beverage Pepsi Cola.


In 1893 American pharmacist Caleb B. Bradburn developed a sweet, cola-flavored, carbonated beverage, which was known as "Brad's Drink". It was intended to cure stomach pains and was sold for five cents a glass at soda fountains.

Bradburn's original recipe was a concoction of rare oils, carbonated water, cola nuts, vanilla and sugar.

Caleb D. Bradburn renamed his syrup Pepsi Cola on August 28, 1898, partly in imitation of Coca-Cola and partly as he was marketing it as a cure for peptic ulcers.

As the syrup developed in popularity in the early 1900s, Bradham launched the Pepsi-Cola Company in the back room of his pharmacy. The business continued to grow, and he moved the bottling of the drink from his drugstore to a rented warehouse. On June 16, 1903, "Pepsi-Cola" became an official trademark.

Automobile race pioneer Barney Oldfield was the first celebrity to endorse Pepsi-Cola in 1909. He described it as "A bully drink...refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before a race".

During the Great Depression, Pepsi gained popularity following the introduction in 1936 of a 12-ounce bottle. Initially priced at 10 cents, sales were slow, but when the price was slashed to five cents, sales increased substantially. Pepsi-Cola's profits doubled between 1936 to 1938.


Today is the anniversary of the first play performed in the British North American colonies.


The oldest play still in existence is The Persians by Aeschylus, written in 472 BC. The Persians is based on experiences in Aeschylus's own life, specifically the Battle of Salamis. It is unique among surviving Greek tragedies in that it describes a recent historical event.

A woman appeared on a public stage in England for the first time in December 1660, playing Desdemona in Othello. Anne Marshal  is believed to have been the most likely star, but no one at the Vere Street Theatre, London, thought to record the trailblazing actress’ name.

Ye Bare and Ye Cubb was presented on August 27, 1665 at Fowkes Tavern in Accomack County on the eastern shore of Virginia. It was the earliest known performance of a play in the British North American colonies. The three actors were accused of frivolity, hauled before a local magistrate and charged with "performing a play." The judge demanded that the offending performers re-enact their show and were acquitted after performing much of the play to a delighted court.

In 1922, Britain’s first radio play was broadcast by the BBC. The Truth About Father Christmas by Phyllis M. Twigg was lost to history because the BBC did not have tape recorders for another decade.


Captain James Cook set sail from England for the South Pacific on board HMS Endeavour on this day in 1768.

Cook's landing at Botany Bay in 1770

The Royal Survey engaged James Cook to travel to the South Pacific to witness the transit of Venus as it passed between the earth and the sun. Cook, at the age of 39, was promoted to lieutenant and named as commander of the expedition, which sailed from England on August 26, 1768. Two naturalists, including the founder of Kew Gardens, Joseph Banks and three artists came on board The Endeavour with all their equipment. It was the first time a scientific expedition had traveled on a naval ship with official blessing. Despite it being cloudy during the transit of Venus, the successful results set the pattern for subsequent voyages such as Darwin’s journey in the Beagle.

In October 1769 Cook sighted New Zealand on his Pacific voyage and set the way for the colonization of the country.

James Cook, still holding the rank of lieutenant, sighted the south-eastern coast of what is now Australia in April 1770. In doing so his expedition became the first recorded Europeans to have encountered its eastern coastline. Ten days later James Cook and his crew of HMS Endeavour arrived at and named Botany Bay, near present-day Sydney.

To counteract scurvy on board during the long voyage, Cook introduced lime and lemon juice, carrot marmalade, sauerkraut (cabbage reserved in brine, an unpopular food due to its German origins) and brewers malt extract.

Cook returned from his first voyage in 1771 to find two of his children, a baby boy and a small girl had died in his absence. His four surviving sons all died young- two at sea and Cook has no known direct descendants.

Cook recorded his journeys meticulously in his journals (which were published 1773-84), including An Account of a Voyage Round The World 1768-71.


Today is the anniversary of Galileo demonstrating his first telescope.

Galileo showing the Doge of Venice how to use the telescope (fresco by Giuseppe Bertini)

While in Venice, Galileo Galilei learned in 1609 of the recent invention of the telescope, commonly known as a "spyglass," which had been developed for military applications. After returning to Padua, he developed an improved version, the first one powerful enough to be used for astronomical observation. He went back to Venice and demonstrated his eight-power telescope to Venetian lawmakers on August 25, 1609.

Galileo first used his telescope to observe Jupiter's in January 1610. His observations over the following six days caused a revolution in astronomy: a planet with smaller planets orbiting it did not conform to the principles of Aristotelian cosmology, which held that all heavenly bodies should circle the Earth.

Galileo Galilei became the first astronomer to observe the planet Neptune in December 1612. It appears Galileo mistook Neptune for a fixed star when it appeared close—in conjunction—to Jupiter in the night sky.

Galileo's Dialogue On Two Chief World Systems was dedicated to his patron, Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, who received the first printed copy on February 22, 1632. The book updated Copernicus' theories about the Earth going around the Sun. 

The following year, The Inquisition summoned Galileo to Rome where he was cross-examined and threatened with torture. The Roman Catholic Church argued "The doctrine that the Earth is neither the center of the Universe, nor immovable, but moves, even with a daily rotation is absurd and both philosophically and theologically false and the least an error of faith."

Galileo recanted under pressure from the Holy Office and was sentenced to house arrest for his last years. After his revocation Galileo was heard to mutter under his breath “Eppur si moove” (“But still it moves”).


Today is the anniversary of the invention of potato chips (crisps in British and Irish English).


A part Native Indian chef George Crum invented potato crisps (potato chips) by accident on August 24, 1853 thanks to a fussy customer. Industrialist Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt came to the Moon Lake House Hotel in Saratoga Springs, New York, and ordered “thinner than normal French fried potatoes.” He kept sending them back to Crum, protesting that they were too thick. Finally, out of spite the chef sliced the potatoes paper-thin, so that he wouldn’t be able to eat them with a fork then, fried them to a crisp in oil, and splashed salt on them. Vanderbilt loved them. These "potato crunches” as Crum called them became a regular feature of the hotel’s menu.

Crum called his crisps “potato crunches” but they became known as “Saratoga chips”.

The Brits have a claim to have got there first. William Kitchiner’s 1817 book, The Cook’s Oracle, contains a recipe for “potatoes fried in slices”.

New England-based Tri-Sum Potato Chips, originally established in 1908 as the Leominster Potato Chip Company, in Leominster, Massachusetts, claims to be America’s first potato chip manufacturer.

Potato crisps were introduced to England in 1913. A Mr. Carter discovered them in France and he set up a company, Carter’s Crisps to manufacture the snack.


August 23 is celebrated as the Day of the National Flag in Ukraine.

The flag of Ukraine is made up of two equally sized horizontal stripes, a blue one and a yellow one. The combination of blue and yellow as a symbol of Ukrainian lands comes from the flag of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia used in 12th century. It was officially adopted as a state flag for the first time in 1918 by the short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic, and subsequently used by the Ukrainian People's Republic the following year. Ukraine has celebrated Flag Day each year on August 23 since 2005.


Ukraine declared independence from the Soviet Union on August 24, 1991. Over 92% of Ukrainian voters approved their country's independence as declared by the Ukrainian parliament. On the same day, Mikhail Gorbachev resigned as General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party.

Independence Day of Ukraine, the main state holiday in modern Ukraine, is celebrated on August 24 in commemoration of the Declaration of Independence of 1991.


King Charles I raised his standard in Nottingham on August 22, 1642, marking the beginning of the English Civil War.

Battle of Marston Moor

After the English Parliament declared extra parliamentary taxation, King Charles I attempted to arrest five  parliamentary leaders on January 4, 1642. When this failed he withdrew from London and declared war on Parliament from Nottingham on August 22, 1642. In this civil war Charles's army were called "Cavaliers" and the Parliament's soldiers, "Roundheads".

Cromwell’s Parliamentarian troops defeated the King’s soldiers at Marston Moor in July 1644. The victory secured the North of England for Parliament and marked the decisive turning point in the English Civil War.

Parliament won the first war, and Charles 1 was put in prison, but he escaped. Charles gained support from the Scots, in return for a promise to introduce Presbyterianism into England thus provoking part two of the Civil War in 1647.

In January 1648 England's Long Parliament passed the "Vote of No Addresses", breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War. The vote was in response to the news that Charles I was entering into an engagement with the Scots.

Parliament won the second war also  King Charles was put on trial, found guilty of treason and  executed.

King Charles I's eldest son, the Prince of Wales, fled Britain and set up his own royal court in Holland, calling himself King Charles II of England. He returned to fight another battle against the army of Parliament. The Third Civil War (1649 - 1651) was fought between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament.

The English Civil War ended when Parliament won the Battle of Worcester in September 1651. It saw 28,000 men from Oliver Cromwell’s New Model Army defeat 14,000 royalist soldiers.


On this day in 1921, AA Milne bought his son a teddy bear, which gave rise to his Winnie-the-Pooh stories.

Christopher Robin and Winnie-The-Pooh

Theodore Roosevelt started the fashion for Teddy bears when during a hunting trip in Mississippi in 1902, he refused to shoot a defenseless black bear that had been tied to a willow tree. Political cartoonist Clifford Berryman picked up on the story, drawing a cartoon showing President Roosevelt with a bear, which ran in the Washington Post two days later.

An alert Brooklyn shop owner Morris Michtom saw the cartoon and created a tiny plush toy bear cub with his wife Rose's help.  After receiving permission to use Roosevelt's name, Michtom put a plush bear in the shop window with a sign "Teddy's bear". The sale of the bears was so brisk that Michtom created the Ideal Novelty and Toy Company, which began making dolls in 1907 to complement its line of teddy bears. 

One of the most famous teddy bears was an 18-inch-high one the writer A. A. Milne and his wife brought from Harrods in London. It was a present for their son, Christopher Robin Milne, in honor of his first birthday on August 21, 1921.

Milne called the toy bear "Winnie" after a Canadian black bear he often saw at London Zoo. The animal had been born in Canada but brought to London in 1914 as the mascot of a Canadian regiment. A Canadian soldier, Harry Colebourn, named him Winnie after his hometown Winnipeg.

The other part of the name, "Pooh," was based on a swan Milne and his family met on holiday.

The children's book Winnie-the-Pooh, by A. A. Milne, was first in  October 1926. Other stuffed animal toys owned by Milne's son were also incorporated into the story, including Tigger, Kanga, Eeyore, and Piglet.


Today is Bernard of Clairvaux's feast day. 

Bernard of Clairvaux, by Georg Andreas Wasshuber (1650–1732)

Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) was born in Fontaine-lès-Dijon parents to Lord of Fontaines, and Aleth of Montbard, who both belonged to the highest nobility of Burgundy. Bernard was the third of a family of seven children.

During his youth, Bernard did not escape trying temptations and he thought of retiring from the world and living a life of solitude and prayer. When at the age of 19, his mother died, Bernard sought admission into the Cistercian order. He withdrew from riches to live a life of poverty and a diet of cooked beech and herbs.

Three years later, Bernard was sent to found a new abbey at an isolated clearing in a glen known as the Val d'Absinthe, about 15 kilometers southeast of Bar-Sur-Aube. He founded the monastery on June 25, 1115, naming it Claire Vallée, which evolved into Clairvaux. Bernard was joined by 27 of his friends and relations including four of his brothers.

By the late 1120s, the monastery had become under Bernard of Clairvaux’s rule the most prominent of the Cistercian order. Bernard’s eloquent preaching and the miracles witnessed there attracted numerous pilgrims.

Bernard of Clairvaux died at the age of sixty-three on August 20, 1153, after forty years spent in the cloister. He was buried at the Clairvaux Abbey, but after its dissolution in 1792 by the French revolutionary government, his remains were transferred to the Troyes Cathedral.

Bernard was canonized just 21 years after his death by Pope Alexander III. His feast day (observed in several denominations) is August 20.


National Aviation Day is celebrated each year on August 19 in the United States. The holiday was established in 1939 by Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who issued a presidential proclamation which designated the anniversary of Orville Wright's birthday to be a national observation that celebrates the development of aviation.

Orville Wright along with his brother, Wilbur Wright flew the first successful, albeit brief, "flying machine" in 1903.

Orville Wright's first flight in his Wright Flyer One at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina was on December 17, 1903. It flew for 12 seconds at a height of 500 feet and covered 37,120 feet. The flight was witnessed by four men and a boy.

In May 1896, Smithsonian Institution Secretary Samuel Langley had successfully flown an unmanned steam-powered fixed-wing model aircraft. For years, Orville argued with officials of the Smithsonian Institute over whether the Wrights or Langley had built the first plane. In 1942 the Smithsonian officials made a public apology to Orville.

Orville Wright was still alive when the sound barrier was broken in 1947 by Chuck Yeager in his Bell X-1 airplane.

Neil Armstrong took the wood from the propeller of the Wright Brothers' first plane to the moon.


Today is the anniversary of the founding of the German multinational corporation Adidas.


An Adidas Store in Vaughan Mills

Trained as a cobbler, Adolf Dassler started to produce his own sports shoes in his mother's laundry after his return from World War I. On July 1, 1924, his older brother Rudolf Dassler joined the business, which became the Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik (Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory).

The Dasslers equipped many athletes at the 1928 Olympics, laying the foundation for the international expansion of the company.

Adidas was founded on August 18, 1949 by Adolf Dassler, following a family feud at the Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik company between him and Rudolf. His older brother had established Puma the previous year, which quickly became the business rival of Adidas.

Adidas made the leap from shoe company to sports-apparel brand when they introduced the Franz Beckenbauer tracksuit in 1967.

Today Adidas is the world's second-largest sporting-goods company after Nike, employing more than 50,000 people in more than 160 nations.


Today is the anniversary of the first steamboat service being inaugurated.

Illustration from an 1870 book

The first steam-powered ship was a paddle steamer named Pyroscaphe built in France in 1783 by Marquis Claude de Jouffroy. It was powered by a Newcomen steam engine. At its first demonstration, Pyroscaphe traveled upstream on the River Saône for some fifteen minutes before the engine failed.

The first reliably-working steamboat was a paddle steamer built by John Fitch in 1787. A successful trial run of his steamboat. Perseverance, was made on the Delaware River.

Fitch began operating a regular commercial service the following year along the Delaware River between Philadelphia and Burlington, New Jersey, carrying as many as 30 passengers. The Perseverance was not a commercial success, as this travel route was adequately covered by relatively good wagon roads.

Robert Fulton's North River Steamboat left New York City for Albany, New York on the Hudson River on August 17, 1807, inaugurating the first commercial steamboat service in the world. Fulton's steamboat could travel from New York City to Albany in 32 hours and was the first steam-powered passenger marine vehicle that could make money.

The first passenger-carrying steamboat in Europe was the Comet, designed by the Scottish engineer Henry Bell, which was launched in 1812 on the River Clyde. The steamboat, named after a celebrated comet of that time, was of 30 tons burthen, with an engine of three horsepower. Bell initially advertised a three times a week passenger service travelling between Glasgow, Greenock and Helensburgh. Soon afterwards the journey was extended to Oban and Fort-William, the entire voyage taking four days.


August 16 is celebrated by many people around the world as Roller Coaster Day.

Looping the loop, Atlantic City, circa 1901

The oldest roller coasters were built in 18th century Russia. They were specially constructed hills of ice, built on the slopes of St. Petersburg mountains.

The idea for the coaster soon spread, with the French adopting the Russians' initial design. In July 1817, a French banker named Nicolas Beaujon opened the Parc Beaujon, an amusement park on Paris' Champs Elysees. Its most famous feature was the Promenades Aériennes or "Aerial Strolls," which featured wheeled cars securely locked to the track, guide rails to keep them on course, and higher speeds.

The Switchback Railroad was the first roller coaster designed as an amusement ride in America. The brainchild of Sunday school teacher and hosiery businessman LaMarcus Thompson, he created the first rollercoaster on Coney Island, New York to persuade his Americans away from sinful places like saloons and brothels. It opened In June 1884.

August 16, Roller Coaster Day,  is the anniversary of the day in 1898 when the first roller coaster with a vertical loop patent was granted to Edwin Prescott from Massachusetts. 

Prescott’s “Loop the Loop” rollercoaster was installed at Coney Island Amusement Park in 1901. Capable of carrying only four riders, the “Loop-the-Loop” roller coaster, drew not only paying riders, but crowds of spectators willing to pay to watch the coaster in action,

A sister "Loop the Loop" roller coaster was installed at Young's Million Dollar Pier in Atlantic City, New Jersey the same year.


Today is a national holiday in India. August 15 is Independence Day commemorating the nation's independence from the United Kingdom.


In the early 1900s, millions of people peacefully started to protest against British control.  In 1915 the lawyer Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa to his country of origin, India, a hero, and begun the struggle for Indian independence by non-violent co-operation.

The national anthem of India, "Jana Gana Mana," was first sung on December 27, 1911 during the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress.


New Delhi became the capital of India in 1931. The new capital was inaugurated on February 13, 1931 by India's Viceroy Lord Irwin.

On August 15, 1947, India peacefully became free and independent from the British Empire.


Today is the anniversary of Pakistan gaining independence from the British Empire.

                        Pakistan flag

The political session of the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference was held at the Ahsan Manzil palace of the Dhaka Nawab Family on December 30, 1906. In this session a motion to form an All India Muslim League (AIML), the first Muslim political party in the history of India, was proceeded. AIML developed into the driving force behind the creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state on the Indian subcontinent.

Choudhry Rahmat Ali published a pamphlet entitled Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever? in 1933 while a student at Cambridge University's Emmanuel College. It was from Ali's small backstreet house, 3 Humberstone Road, Cambridge that he called for the creation of a Muslim state in northwest India that the young student termed "Pakstan" (without the letter "i").

“Pak” means spiritually pure in Urdu and “Stan” means land. The name coined by Ali was accepted by the Indian Muslims who then thereby adopted it further for the Pakistan Movement seeking independence.

The Muslim League slowly rose to mass popularity in the 1930s thanks to fears of under-representation and neglect of Muslims in politics. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, greatly espoused the two-nation theory and led the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution of 1940, popularly known as the Pakistan Resolution.

As the United Kingdom agreed upon partitioning of the Indian empire of British Raj, the modern state of Pakistan was established on August 14, 1947. The founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, was sworn in as first Governor-General of Pakistan in Karachi the nest day.


Queen Elizabeth II ended her role as monarch of Pakistan in 1956, when it became the first country in the world to declare itself an Islamic Republic.


Today is the 13th day of the month of August.

August is named after Augustus, first Emperor of Rome who chose it as it was the month of his greatest triumphs. He died in August AD 14.

The statue known as the Augustus of Prima Porta, 1st century. By Till Niermann - Wikipedia Commons

Until 8 BC, the Romans called August 'Sextilis' as it was the sixth month of their year.

The Anglo-Saxons called August by the name Weod-monath (weed month) as it is the month when weeds grow most rapidly.


Today is the anniversary of Isaac Singer receiving a patent for his sewing machine.


The first functioning sewing machine was invented by a French tailor by the name of Barthélemy Thimonnier in 1830. His device used the chain stitch; the first such machine to replicate sewing by hand.

Elias Howe, (July 9, 1819 – October 3, 1867) was working in a Cambridge, Massachusetts, cotton machinery factory when he dreamed up the idea of a machine that could sew. The idea fascinated him, and he spent all his spare time during the next five years developing a practical sewing machine. Eventually, Howe left his job to work on his invention.  Howe eventually completed his first successful sewing machine in 1845. Howe's innovations included a needle threaded at its point, a shuttle to form a lock stitch and an automatic feed.

The sewing machine was invented at about the same time that factory-made cloth became plentiful. The invention of the sewing machine greatly increased the speed with which a garment could be sewn. Before Howe came up with his device, the fastest sewing possible was only about 50 stitches per minute. Howe's invention stitched five times faster than that. However, it could sew only straight seams of limited length.

Isaac M. Singer of Pittstown, New York invented the first sewing machine with an overhanging arm, making it possible to sew on any part of the garment. His sewing machine was patented on August 12, 1851. Singer also patented the foot treadle and the spring-equipped presser foot for holding down the fabric while sewing.

The first sewing machines were powered by hand or foot. Singer Sewing Co demonstrated the first workable electric sewing machine at the Philadelphia electric exhibition in 1885 and began mass-producing domestic electric machines twenty five years later.


Today is the birthday of hip-hop music.

Herc spins records  at a 28 February 2009 event

Hip hop music is a music genre developed in the United States by inner-city African Americans in the 1970s which consists of rapping accompanied by a stylized rhythmic music. Its roots come from ancient African music rituals of call and response and from groups of singing poets who traveled from town to town spreading news and messages.

Hip hop music involves MCing/rapping and DJing/scratching with turntables. The hip hop culture is also defined by a style of dressing called "urban" clothes (baggy pants, oversize shirts, gold chains), break dancing, and graffiti writing.

The scratch' was invented by a DJ who was trying to hold a spinning record in place in order to listen to his mom, who was yelling at him.

Many believe that August 11, 1973 represents the birthplace of hip hop. DJ Kool Herc was the disc jockey on that day at his sister's back-to-school party in the West Bronx, New York City. He extended the beat of a record by using two record players, isolating the percussion "breaks" by using a mixer to switch between the two records. Herc's experiments with making music with record players became what we now know as breaking or "scratching."

During the mid-2000s, hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. The latter received early acclaim for his production work on Jay-Z's The Blueprint.


Today is the anniversary of the opening of The Louvre Art Museum.

The Cour Carrée of the "Old Louvre". By King of Hearts -

The Louvre emerged as a medieval fortress built by Philip II of France in the 14th century located on the Right Bank of the Seine in Paris.

Between 1360 and 1380, Charles V converted the Louvre Castle into a palace, known as the "joli Louvre" ("pretty Louvre"). 

In 1546, Francis I razed the structure in favor of a larger royal residence in French Renaissance style.

In 1682 Louis XIV abandoned the Louvre, and moved his court to Versailles to establish his independence from the Paris nobility.

The Louvre was converted into an Art Museum during the French Revolution with an exhibition of 537 paintings. It opened for the first time on August 10, 1793. Most of its exhibits at the time consisted of treasures confiscated from the royal family or the Church.

The Louvre has become the globe's most-visited museum, with 35,000 works of art dating from Antiquity to the early modern period. As well as the Mona Lisa, the museum's permanent collection includes masterpieces by European masters such as Rembrandt, Giambattista Pittoni, Caravaggio, Rubens, Titian and Eugène Dela.


Today is the anniversary of the patenting of the diesel engine.


Rudolph Diesel had the idea to develop an engine which relied on a high compression of the fuel to ignite it. He took his inspiration from watching a lecture where there was a demonstration of a Malaysian fire starting technique called the 'fire piston' which creates flames through air compression.

Diesel first came up with a design for his engine in 1892 and, subsidized by the Krupp company, constructed a ‘rational heat motor’, demonstrating the first compression-ignition engine in 1897. Diesel was granted US Patent No. 608,845 on August 9, 1898, for his engine. He unveiled his engine at the World Fair in 1900.

The first US diesel-power passenger car, a Cummins powered Packard, was built in Columbus, Indiana in 1930.

When he invented the Diesel engine, Diesel envisioned local communities growing crops to run their engines and making themselves entirely self-sufficient. Today, virtually all diesel engines run on petroleum from the ground by multinational oil companies in a globalized market.


Today is International Cat Day.

Pixiebay

International Cat Day a celebration that takes place on August 8 every year was created in 2002 by the International Fund for Animal Welfare. The day raises awareness for cats and educates us in ways to help and protect them. 

The earliest authenticated record of the domestication of the cat in ancient Egypt dates from 1500 BC, although the cat was proclaimed to be sacred in that country about 1,000 years earlier. The actual domestication of cats probably came about when the Egyptians noticed that cats protected their granaries from rodents.

The ancient Egyptians 'created' the modern house cats we know today through selective breeding; choosing the most sociable and friendly ones to reproduce.

Cats can comfortably withstand high external temperatures ranging up to 126° F to 133° F before showing any signs that they are hot. This is thought to be a remnant of the fact that they were once probably desert animals.

The cat that holds the world record for amount of mice killed is Towser (1963-1987) who lived in the still house, Glenturret Distillery in Scotland for almost 24 years. She caught 28,899 mice in her lifetime. Her life and exploits are commemorated by a bronze statue at the 'Famous Grouse Experience' visitor centre on the Glenturret site and her paw prints are marked on every bottle of Fairlie’s Light Highland Liqueur.


Today is the anniversary of IBM dedicating the first program-controlled calculator. 

Daderot at en.wikipedia 

IBM began as the Computer Tabulating Recording Company in 1914. It changed its name to International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) ten years later.

Dehomag, a German subsidiary of IBM, was the main provider of computing equipment in Nazi Germany. It provided the German government with machines to conduct censuses and gave the Nazis a way of tracing Jews. The technology was used by the Gestapo to locate and arrest its victims.

The Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (known best as the Harvard Mark I) was the first program-controlled calculator. It was developed and built by IBM at their Endicott plant and shipped to Harvard in February 1944. The ASCC began computations for the U.S. Navy Bureau of Ships in May and was officially presented to the university on August 7, 1944.

IBM boasted in 1952 that each of their computers were equivalent to having 150 extra engineers with slide rules.


Today is the anniversary of the atom bomb being dropped on Hiroshima.
The mushroom cloud over Hiroshima

Hiroshima is the largest city in the Chūgoku region of western Honshu, the largest island of Japan. It gained city status on April 1, 1889.

At 8:16 a.m. on August 6, 1945, Hiroshima became the first city in history to be targeted by a nuclear weapon when the United States Army Air Forces dropped an atomic bomb on it near the end of the Second World War.

There were 343,000 inhabitants of Hiroshima on the day the first atom bomb was dropped in 1945, killing 80,000.

The Japanese command didn't realize Hiroshima had been totally destroyed until almost a whole day after it happened. Vague reports of some sort of large explosion had begun to filter in, but the Japanese high command knew that no large-scale air raid had taken place over the city.


Today is the anniversary of the first electric traffic signal system.

The first Electric Traffic Light in Bucharest c1924.

The world's first traffic light system was invented by the British railroad signal engineer JP Knight. These first traffic lights consisted of revolving red and green lanterns, illuminated by gas. They were installed in December 1868 at the intersection of George and Bridge Streets in front of the House of Commons in London to control the flow of horse buggies and pedestrians. 

After less than a month's use, the gas lantern that illuminated them exploded, seriously injuring the police officer who was operating them. Traffic lights did not return to the UK until the mid 1920s. 

In the first two decades of the 20th century, semaphore traffic were in use all over the United States with each state having its own design of the device. They were controlled by a traffic officer who would blow a whistle before changing the commands on this signal to help alert travelers of the change. 

The first electric traffic lights were officially unveiled in Cleveland, Ohio at the intersection of Euclid Avenue and East 105th Street on August 5, 1914. There was no amber light, only red and green.

After witnessing a serious accident between a motor vehicle and a horse-drawn carriage at an intersection, African American inventor, Garrett Morgan set out to come up with a three-position traffic signal. What he came up with was a T-shaped pole unit that featured Stop, Go and an all-directional stop position. This "third position" halted traffic in all directions to allow pedestrians to cross streets more safely. The patent was granted in November 1923. 


Garrett Morgan's hand-cranked semaphore traffic management device was in use throughout North America until all manual traffic signals were replaced by the automatic red, yellow, and green-light traffic signals currently used around the world.


Today is the anniversary of the opening of the first supermarket.

King Kullen headquarters in Bethpage. By Americasroof

The concept of a self-service grocery store was developed by entrepreneur Clarence Saunders (August 9, 1881 – September 23, 1953) and his Piggly Wiggly stores. His first store opened on September 6, 1916 in Memphis, Tennessee. 

The checkouts and turnstile entrance at Saunders' stores proved such a success that by 1923 a further 2,800 Piggly Wigglies had sprung up across the U.S thus creating the first supermarket chain. 

The Food Marketing Institute in conjunction with the Smithsonian Institution determined that the first true supermarket in the United States was opened by entrepreneur Michael J. Cullen, on August 4, 1930. His King Kullen Grocery Company was located inside a 6,000-square-foot (560 m2) former garage in Jamaica, Long Island, New York.

Instead of installing elaborate fittings, or even shelves, Cullen piled his goods high and sold them cheap. About 300 loss-leader goods were sold at cost price to draw in customers, who then served themselves.

Within two years, Cullen had opened seven more King Kullen Market stores in buildings that had been owned by bankrupted businesses, in and around New York. Parts of each store were franchised to specialist traders at relatively low rents.


Today is the anniversary of Christopher Columbus setting sail on his first voyage to the New World.

Columbus' first voyage. By Keith Pickering 

Christopher Columbus set sail from Palos de la Frontera, Spain on August 3, 1492 to try to find a new route to the Orient.

Palos is also the site of the Rábida Monastery where Columbus consulted with the Franciscans about his plans for organizing an expedition of discovery.

He based his calculations for his 1492 journey on Biblical scripture, in particular the second book of Esdras in the Apocrypha.

Columbus’ mission was gold and the gospel, to fill up the Spanish coffers, (he was being sponsored by the Spanish monarchy) and convert the eastern people (he mistakenly though he had landed on an island near Japan).

The Pinta, Niña, and Santa María made their first landfall when they landed on one of the Bahamas islands, 71 days after leaving Spain.


Today is the anniversary of the Battle of Cannae when the Carthaginian army led by Hannibal, defeated a numerically superior Roman army.

Hannibal and his men crossing the Alps

Following the assassination of Hasdrubal in 221. Hannibal was elected at the age of 26 Commander-in Chief of the Carthaginian army.

The Second Punic War between Carthage and the Roman Republic broke out in 218. Hannibal marched an his army of 38,000 infantry and 8,000 cavalry over the Pyrenees and the Alps into Italy.

After crossing the Alps, Hannibal's  army swept through North Italy  winning three dramatic victories—Trebia, Trasimene, and Cannae. The latter battle took place on August 2, 216 BC. The Carthaginian commander distinguished himself for his ability to determine his and his opponent's strengths and weaknesses, and to play the battle to his strengths and the enemy's weaknesses—and won over many allies of Rome.

Hannibal's army included 38 elephants. It was not unusual to use elephants in war in Hannibal's day. The big charging jumbos frightened the enemy and their height allowed the archers to survey the whole battlefield. In addition they were relatively speedy with a maximum speed of 18 mph and only needed around five gallons of water per mile.

Hannibal occupied much of Italy for 15 years, but a Roman counter-invasion of North Africa forced him to return to Carthage, where he was decisively defeated by Scipio Africanus at the Battle of Zama on October 19, 202 BC.

Hannibal caused great distress to many in Roman society. Hannibal became such a figure of terror that whenever disaster struck, the Roman senators would exclaim "Hannibal ante portas" ("Hannibal is at the gates!") to express their fear or anxiety.


Today is the anniversary of the discovery of oxygen gas

Equipment used by Priestley in his experiments

Oxygen was discovered independently by Carl Scheele, Joseph Priestley and Antoine Lavoisier. Scheele was first to discover the chemical element, Priestley was first to publish his findings, while Lavoisier was first to isolate it and understand its true nature.

In 1773, the Earl of Shelburne asked the scientist Joseph Priestley to serve as tutor for his children, and librarian for his Calne, Wiltshire estate. The position left ample free time for the research that would earn him a permanent place in scientific history.

On August 1, 1774 Priestley discovered a colorless, odorless tasteless gaseous element by heating mercuric oxide using the sun's rays, whilst staying at Bowood House in the capacity of Librarian to the Earl of Shelbourne. He christened it "Dephlogisticated air". Priestley speculated that one day "Dephlogisticaed air" might become a luxury.

Lavoiser named the chemical element from two Greek roots, “oxys” (acid) and “genes” (producer) as he thought mistakenly that all acids contained oxygen.

Priestley published his findings in 1775 in a paper titled "An Account of Further Discoveries in Air" which was included in the second volume of his book titled Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air. Because he informed the world first, Priestley is usually given priority in the discovery of oxygen.


Today is the anniversary of the last Volkswagen Beetle rolling off the assembly line.

1949 Volkswagen "split rear window" Sedan

Austrian Ferdinand Porsche was a well-known designer for high-end vehicles and race cars. In 1934 Adolf Hitler asked his fellow Austrian to dream up a basic vehicle able to transport two adults and three children. The car needed to be able to travel at least 100 km/h, or about 60 mph, and use no more than 7 liters of gasoline for 100 kilometers (about 40 mpg). It would be available to citizens of the Third Reich through a savings plan at 990 Reichsmark ($396 in 1930s U.S. dollars).

The result was the Volkswagen ("people's car" in German) Beetle, which was designed by Ferdinand Porsche and a team of engineers. A handful were made, but by the time the Wolfsburg factory was finished in 1938, World War II was starting and the company concentrated on making military vehicles instead.

Mass production of the Volkswagen Beetle did not actually begin in Germany until after the war in 1945 when the United Kingdom army reopened the Wolfsburg factory.

Originally known as the Volkswagen Type 1, the car’s curves and rounded top led to its being nicknamed the 'Bug.' Volkswagen themselves started referring to the car as the VW Beetle in the late 1960s.

The last original Beetle, #21,529,464 was assembled and immediately retired on July 31, 2003, in Puebla, Mexico, at the Volkswagen de Mexico manufacturing plant. It can now be found at Volkswagen's AutoMuseum.

The Beetle was in production between 1938 and 2003, a whopping 65 years, the longest a vehicle has been produced in history.


National Cheesecake Day is observed annually on July 30th.

The first cheesecake may have been created on the Greek island of Samos. Physical anthropologists excavated cheese molds there which were dated circa 2000 BC.


In Greece, cheesecake was considered to be a good source of energy, and there is evidence that it was served to athletes during the first Olympic games in 776 B.C.

Ancient Greek brides and grooms were known to use cheesecake as a wedding cake.

New York-style cheesecake, with its signature simple cream cheese and egg yolks make-up, was created in the 1900s by German immigrant Arnold Reuben.


Today is the anniversary of the Battle of Gravelines when English naval forces defeated the Spanish Armada off the coast of Gravelines, France.

English ships and the Spanish Armada, August 1588

A champion of the Roman Catholic faith, its counter reformation and a supporter of the inquisition, Philip II of Spain sought to crush Protestantism first in the Low Countries then England and France.

Philip planned to invade England, seize the throne from Elizabeth I and restore the power of the Catholic Church. He wanted to punish England for its support of Dutch Protestants fighting against the Spanish rule and for Francis Drake's plundering of Spanish possessions in America and Cadiz.

In late May 1588 a fleet of 130 ships under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia set sail from Lisbon with the purpose of escorting an army to invade England. The plan was to stop in the Netherlands and pick up an additional 17,000 troops from the Duke of Parma. Unfortunately half of the ships were heavy, badly equipped galleons that were difficult to maneuver and they had insufficient firepower. The English fleet consisted of 226 smaller more maneuverable vessels with a naval gun that was easier and faster to load.

On reaching the English Channel, the fleet was met by the English ships and caused them to scatter to north France. In the ensuing Battle of Gravelines on July 29, 1588 Lord Howard's tactics of sending in fireships forced the Spanish to break formation and abandon its rendezvous with Parma's army, who were blockaded in harbor by Dutch flyboats.

The Armada managed to regroup and withdrew into the North Sea with the English fleet harrying it up the east coast of England. The fleet was disrupted during severe storms in the North Atlantic and a large number of the vessels were wrecked on the coasts of Scotland and Ireland. Of the initial 130 ships over a third failed to return.

The defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of the decline of Spanish power.


Today is the anniversary of the first potato being brought to the United Kingdom.


The Andean Mountains of South America was the birthplace of the white potato. By around 2000BC The Aymara Indians had developed over two hundred varieties on the Titicaca Plateau at elevations above 10,000 feet.

The 16th century Spanish invaders in South America first came across the potato when entering a Colombian village from which the inhabitants had fled. They originally thought they were truffles.

The Spanish introduced the potato to Europe. They became a standard supply item on the Spanish ships as it was noticed that the sailors who ate potatoes did not suffer from scurvy.

Thomas Harriot was credited with bringing the first potato to Britain on July 28, 1586. The mathematician, astronomer and translator had just returned from Sir Walter Raleigh’s English colony on Roanoke Island in modern-day North Carolina, where he had made detailed studies of the wildlife.

Despite their use by Spanish sailors most Europeans were originally suspicious of them, in part because people realized that the potato is a member of the nightshade family, all of which are very poisonous.

By the late 17th century the Irish had recognized the food value of potatoes and became the first country in Europe to plant them as a staple food crop rather than using it primarily as animal fodder. And in 1719 the first permanent potato patches in North America were established near Londonderry, New Hampshire.


Today is the anniversary of the maiden flight of the first commercial jet airliner

Comet prototype at Hatfield Aerodrome in October 1949

24-year-old RAF fighter pilot Frank Whittle first patented a new kind of aircraft - the turbojet - in 1930, but his new design was so radical that the military wouldn't fund it, nor would any manufacturers, Seven years later he found a few private backers and on April 12, 1937 Whittle ground-tested the first jet engine designed to power an aircraft at Thomson-Houston factory, Rugby, England.

The German Hans von Ohain developed the concept independently. He wrote in February 1936 to aircraft designer Ernst Heinkel, telling him of the design and its possibilities. The first turbojet aircraft to fly was the Heinkel He 178 V1, first prototype of the German Air Force, the Luftwaffe, in August 1939 in Rostock, Germany.

Developed and manufactured by de Havilland at its Hatfield Aerodrome in Hertfordshire, United Kingdom, their Comet 1 prototype made its maiden flight on July 27, 1949 out of Hatfield Aerodrome. The flight lasted 31 minutes.

BOAC (British Overseas Airways Corporation) operated the first commercial jet service with the de Havilland Comet jetliner. It made its maiden flight with fare-paying passengers and inaugurated scheduled service from London to Johannesburg in May 1952.

The Comet was a hit with passengers as flights were about 50 percent faster than on advanced piston-engined aircraft such as the Douglas DC-6 (490 mph for the Comet compared to the DC-6's 315 mph), and a faster rate of climb further cut flight times.


Today is the anniversary of Marie Curie's marriage to fellow scientist Pierre Curie.

Pierre and Marie Curie

Polish scientist Marie Sklodowska first met Pierre Curie in spring 1894 after being introduced by their friend, physicist Józef Wierusz-Kowalski. Tall, modest, shy, erudite Pierre was the son of a doctor who had been educated at home and became a bachelor of science aged 16. In 1880 he discovered piezoelectricity which was electricity resulting from the compression of certain types of crystal. One of his first gifts to Marie was a copy of his 1894 paper on Symmetry in Physical Phenomena.

At first Marie hesitated before agreeing to marry Pierre. They eventually wed in a civil ceremony in Sceaux, France on July 26, 1895 as "Pierre belonged to no religion and I did not practice any" (she later wrote). Instead of a bridal gown, Marie chose a dark blue dress.

Throughout their marriage, the Curies were very much in love and had equal partnership in the laboratory. Like Marie, Pierre was obsessed with science and hard work.

Marie Curie along with her husband, Pierre, won the Nobel prize for physics for their discovery of radioactivity in 1903. Originally Marie's name was left off the winners’ list but Pierre insisted she be included. She thus became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize.

Pierre Curie died in a street accident in Paris in April 1906. Crossing the busy Rue Dauphine in the rain, he slipped and fell under a heavy horse-drawn cart. He was killed instantly. Marie went into a deep mourning and took a long time to recover.


Today is the anniversary of the coronation of King James I of England.

Portrait after John de Critz, c. 1606

King James was the eldest son of Mary I, Queen of Scots and of her second husband, Henry Stuart, When Mary was forced to abdicate the Scottish throne in 1567 he became James VI (of Scotland)at just thirteen months old.

As Queen Elizabeth I was the last of Henry VIII's descendants, James was seen as the most likely heir to the English throne through his great-grandmother Margaret Tudor, who was Henry VIII's oldest sister. In March 1603, with the Queen clearly dying, her chief minister Sir Robert Cecil sent James a draft proclamation of his accession to the English throne.

After succeeding Elizabeth I on the English throne, James left Edinburgh for London, promising to return every three years (a promise he did not keep).  Local lords received him with lavish hospitality along the route and James was amazed by the wealth of his new land and subjects. When he entered London just over a month later, he was mobbed by a crowd of spectators.

His English coronation took place on July 25, 1603, with elaborate allegories provided by dramatic poets such as Thomas Dekker and Ben Jonson. Below is "England and Scotland with Minerva and Love," an allegorical work of the Union of the Crowns by Peter Paul Rubens.


James had been a popular and successful monarch in Scotland, but the same was not true in England. He was unable to deal with a hostile English Parliament; the refusal on the part of the House of Commons to impose sufficiently high taxes crippled the royal finances. His taste for political absolutism, mismanagement of the kingdom's funds and cultivation of unpopular favorites established the foundation for the English Civil War.


Simón Bolívar Day is celebrated in Ecuador, Venezuela, Colombia, and Bolivia on July 24th commemorating the Birth Anniversary of the most powerful leader in South America.


Simon Bolivar was born in a house in Caracas, Venezuela, on July 24, 1783. His father, Coronel Don Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponter, was a wealthy aristocratic landowner who had married into Spanish aristocracy. His mother was Doña María de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco .

When Simon was fourteen, Don Simón had to abandon the country, as he was accused of being involved in a conspiracy against the Spanish government in Caracas. Thus, Simon entered the military academy of the Milicias de Veraguas, which his father had directed as colonel years earlier. Through these years of military training, he developed his fervent passion for armaments and military strategy, which he later would employ on the battlefields of the wars of independence.

For a time Bolívar was part of Napoleon's retinue during which he witnessed the coronation of the French Emperor in Notre Dame, and this majestic event left a profound a impression upon him. From that moment he wished that he could emulate similar triumphant glory for the people back home in Venezuela.

Venezuela was the first country in the region to start the struggle against Spanish rule. A group of Caracas Creoles including Simón Bolívar deposed the Spanish colonial regime led by Captain General Vicente Emparán on April 19, 1810 and established the First Republic of Venezuela.

Bolivar freed much of South America from Spanish occupation. On December 17, 1819 he proclaimed the republic of Gran Colombia, comprising the territories of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama, northern Peru, western Guyana and northwest Brazil.


America's first lighthouse was authorized on July 23, 1715.

Boston Lighthouse by Karl Bodmer, 1839

The world's oldest existing lighthouse is Spain's Tower of Hercules, erected in the first century and still operational.

The first lighthouse in America was authorized for construction by the Massachusetts legislature at Little Brewster Island, to mark the entrance to Boston, Massachusetts, harbor on July 23, 1715. The Boston Light was ready for use by mid-September of the following year.

A tonnage tax of 1 penny per ton charged to vessels moving in or out of Boston Harbor, paid for maintaining the light.

The first keeper of Boston Light was George Worthylake. He was paid £50 a year to keep the beacon lit from sundown to sunrise. Worthylake drowned, along with his wife and daughter, when returning to the island in 1718.

The stone structure weathered 60 years of lightning strikes and gale-force winds before the British Army blew up the tower and completely destroyed it during the American Revolutionary War.

The current lighthouse dates from 1783, is the second oldest working lighthouse in the United States (after Sandy Hook Lighthouse in New Jersey).


Ratcatcher's Day is celebrated on June 26 or July 22, commemorating the myth of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. 

One of the oldest and most historic stories about rats is "The Pied Piper of Hamelin". The citizens of the German town of Hamelin promised to pay the piper a large fee if he could eradicate the nasty rats running all over the place. He played some enchanted music on his pipe and the rats followed him out of town and into the River Weser. But once the rodents were eliminated, the local folks decided not to pay after all. This made the piper angry and he repaid the townspeople by playing his pipe for the children of Hamelin, just like he had done for the rats. The Pied Piper led the kids into a hole in a hillside, never to be seen again.


Even though the Pied Piper of Hamelin is just a myth, the town of Hamelin's records state that many children disappeared from the town around the time of the story. The town chronicle even wrote in 1384 "It is 100 since our children left".

In the account of the story by the Brothers Grimm, June 26, 1284 was the day the rat-catcher led the children out of Hamelin. However, Robert Browning’s poem "The Pied Piper Of Hamelin" gives the date as July 22, 1376.


Belgian National Day is the national holiday of Belgium commemorated annually on July 21. It marks the anniversary of the investiture of King Leopold I, the country's first monarch, in 1831.

Celebrations for National Day in Brussels in 1856

On January 20, 1831, the European powers agreed to fix the borders of the new country of Belgium, splitting it from Holland.

Born into the ruling family of the small German duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Leopold married Princess Charlotte of Wales, the only child of the future King George IV, thus situating himself as a possible future prince consort of Great Britain. Charlotte died in 1817, although Leopold continued to enjoy considerable status in England. He was inaugurated a Leopold I, the first King of Belgium on July 21, 1831 due to his diplomatic connections with royal houses across Europe.

Since the installation of Leopold I, Belgium has been a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.


International Chess Day is celebrated annually on July 20.



Chess had evolved in India by the 6th century AD as a game of war: to illustrate and rehearse army movements.

The Persians adopted the game of chess from India, and when the Arabs conquered Iran, they made chess part of their life and carried it wherever they went. That is how, with the spread of Islam, chess also extended as far West as Spain, as far North as Turkistan, as far East as the Malayan Islands, and as far South as Zanzibar.

The word "checkmate" in chess comes from the Persian phrase "Shah-Mat," which means the king is dead.

The International Chess Day is celebrated on July 20, the day the International Chess Federation (FIDE) was founded, in 1924. The day has been celebrated by many of the 605 million regular chess players around the world since 1966 after it was established by FIDE.


The first Wimbledon lawn tennis final took place on July 19, 1877.


The Wimbledon Championships is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. It is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and is regarded by many as the most prestigious. The Championships are unique because they are the only Grand Slam played on a grass court.

The inaugural Wimbledon Tennis Championship was held to raise money for repairs to The All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis club's pony-drawn lawn roller. The competition was held July 9-19, 1877 and was solely as an amateur competition. Men's singles was the only event that took place with 22 men competing for a 12-guinea prize, plus a silver challenge cup valued at 25 guineas. Entrants had to pay a guinea (£1.05) each.

Just 200 peple turn up to the first Wimbledon lawn tennis final at the original venue in Worple Road. They paid a shilling each to watch Spencer Gore stroll past William Marshall 6-1, 6–2, 6–4.

The Wimbledon women's event began seven years later in 1884 with a a field of thirteen competitors. Playing in a white corset and petticoat, 19-year-old Maud Watson defeated her older sister Lilian Watson 6–8, 6–3, 6–3 in the final.


Nelson Mandela International Day (or Mandela Day) is an annual international day in honor of Nelson Mandela, celebrated each year on July 18.

Nelson Mandela International Day was officially declared by the United Nations in 2009 with the first UN Mandela Day held on his birthday, July 18, 2010.

Mandela in 2008 By South Africa The Good New

Nelson Mandela was born in Mvezo, Transkei South Africa on July 18, 1918 to a Thembu royal family. 
He studied law at the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg and opened the first black legal firm in South Africa, with fellow lawyer Oliver Tambo in 1952. Mandela gave free legal counsel to many blacks.

Nelson Mandela was arrested in August 1962 near the South African town of Howick for conspiring to overthrow the state. He was detained wearing a chauffeur’s uniform — just one of the disguises he used while on the run, when he was dubbed the ‘Black Pimpernel.’

He served 27 years in prison and, upon his release in 1994, he became South Africa's first black chief executive, an office he served for five years.

Mandela was able to forgive those who allowed him to languish in a tiny prison cell for 27 years to which the up-and-coming lawyer had been sentenced because of his determination to win justice for South Africa's oppressed black community.


World Emoji Day is celebrated on July 17th each year.

A colored Emoji from Noto project, released under Apache license


The brainchild of the founder of Emojipedia, Jeremy Burge, he created World Emoji Day in 2014 with the purpose of promoting the use of emojis. The date originates from the calendar emoji of the Apple Color Emoji typeface, which shows July 17.

Scott Fahlman, a computer science professor at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, was the first to suggest using emoticons in messages sent on computer networks. In September 1982, he posted the first documented emoticons :-) and :-(  on the Carnegie Mellon University Bulletin Board System.

Emojis were first created in 1999 in Japan by Shigetaka Kurita for use in electronic messages and on web pages. He was part of the team working on NTT DoCoMo's i-mode mobile Internet platform.

In 2016, New York’s Museum of Modern Art added the original 176 emojis, designed in 1999, to its permanent collection

The word emoji has been used in Japanese since 1928 but according to the Oxford Dictionary was first seen in English in 1997.


The Amazon.com online shop was launched on July 16, 1995 by Jeff Bezos, originally selling only books, but has since extended to selling CDs, videos, DVDs, toys and games, computer software, electronic items, clothes, furniture and food.


The name Amazon.com was chosen because the Amazon River is one of the largest rivers in the world and so the name suggests large size, and also in part because it starts with "A" and therefore would show up near the beginning of alphabetical lists.

The first book sold on Amazon.com was Douglas Hofstadter's Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought. Australian software engineer John Wainwright, who was based in California, was a friend of Amazon's first employee Shal Kaphan. In April 1995, he got the opportunity to place the first non-company order from Amazon.com for the book, which explores the mechanisms of intelligence through computer modeling. Bezos later named a building after Wainwright to honor the occasion.

By 2000 Amazon claimed 17 million customers in over 160 countries, and was one of the world's most visited Web sites, but had not yet made a profit. The company recorded its first net profit of $5 million in the fourth quarter of 2001 and reported profits of $359 million in 2005.

In 2015, Amazon surpassed Walmart as the most valuable retailer in the United States by market capitalization.


The first banknotes in Europe were issued by the Swedish bank Stockholms Banco on July 15, 1661.

Development of the banknote began with the Chinese T'ang Dynasty of (618-907AD) with local issues of paper currency. By 960 the Song Dynasty, short of copper for striking coins, issued the first generally circulating paper money.

One of the oddities which struck Marco Polo most forcibly during his travels in the Far East was the use of bank notes. The Italian gave a fascinating description of government officials stamping the notes with a cinnabar seal.

A Yuan dynasty printing plate and banknote with Chinese and Mongol words.

The term "bank note" comes from the notes of the bank ("nota di banco") and dates from the 14th century.

The first banknotes in Europe issued by Stockholms Bancos became popular very quickly simply as they were much easier to carry than the large copper daler, especially for making large payments (a note could be sent in an envelope - previously the large coins had to be transported by horse and cart).

The colony of Massachusetts issued the first paper money in America in 1690. It was a temporary experiment of banknote issue carried out by Sir William Phips as the Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay to help fund the war effort against France.


Today is the anniversary of the storming of the Bastille in Paris. It is commemorated each year on July 14 as Bastille Day, the national day of France.


Before the French Revolution, France was divided into three Estates. The First Estate was the Clergy and made up a small percentage of the population. The Second Estate was the Nobility and also made up a small percentage of the population. The remainder, the majority of the population, was in the Third Estate.

The members of the Third Estate were angry that they were being taxed the most when they were the poorest group of people. The Third Estate decided to break away and start the National Assembly, their own assembly where every member would get a vote.

Many Parisians thought King Louis XVI, was going to try to shut down the National Assembly. At the Café de Foy in Paris, political journalist Camille Desmoulins while standing on a table brandishing  two pistols, roused his countrymen with a cry of  “Aux armes, citoyens”. Two days later, on July 14, 1789, the Bastille prison was stormed and fell, and the French Revolution begun.

Just seven prisoners were ‘liberated’ when the Bastille prison in Paris was stormed — four forgers, two lunatics and one sex offender.

The National Convention began the Reign of Terror, a ten-month period of systematic repression and mass executions by guillotine of perceived enemies within the country. The death toll ranged in the tens of thousands, with 16,594 executed by guillotine (2,639 in Paris), and another 25,000 in summary executions across France.

The French Revolution was the first attempt to introduce a secular state. As part of the revolutionaries wholesale attack on the Church, religious nursing communities were abolished and charities nationalized. The revolutionaries confiscated the finances of religious organizations, which affected many of the institutions ran by the church for the sick or injured.


National French Fry Day is celebrated each year on July 13th.
 
A cast iron chip pan with aluminum basket by Hayford Peirce

One of the earliest references to fried potato strips being referred to as "French" was in 1802 when Thomas Jefferson had the White House chef, Frenchman Honoré Julien, prepare “potatoes served in the French manner” for a dinner party.  He described them as “Potatoes deep-fried while raw, in small cuttings”.

In A Tale Of Two Cities (1859), Charles Dickens refers to “Husky chips of potato, fried with some reluctant drops of oil”. This is the earliest known reference to potato chips in English. But the term “French-fried potatoes” was first seen in 1856.

French Fries are not called that in France. They are known as frites, patates frites, or pommes frites in French.

Around seven per cent of the potatoes grown in the USA end up in french fry bags sold by McDonald’s.


The Twelfth, also known as Orangemen's Day, is an annual Protestant celebration that takes place on July 12th in Northern Ireland and some other parts of the world where Orange Order lodges exist. It commemorates the victory of the Protestant King William III (William of Orange) over the Catholic King James II at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. 

 The Twelfth is the most significant date in the Orange Order's calendar, and it is marked by parades, marches, and other commemorative events. The Orange Order is a Protestant fraternal organization founded in 1795 in Northern Ireland. It promotes the principles of Protestantism, loyalty to the British monarchy, and the defense of Protestant civil and religious liberties.

Orangemen in full regalia on 12 July 2011 in Belfast By Ardfern - Wikipedia

On the Twelfth, thousands of Orangemen and women, accompanied by marching bands and supporters, gather to participate in parades and processions through towns and cities across Northern Ireland. The participants typically wear distinctive orange sashes or collarettes and may also carry banners or flags representing their Orange lodges.


World Population Day is an annual event, observed on July 11 every year, which seeks to raise awareness of global population issues.

By Bdm25 - Wikipedia

The world population is estimated to have reached one billion in 1804, with two, three and four billion in 1927, 1960 and 1974 respectively.

July 11, 1987 was designated "The Day of Five Billion" by the United Nations, marking its estimate of the day on which the world's population would pass that figure. Matej Gašpar from Zagreb, Croatia (then SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia), was chosen as the symbolic 5-billionth person concurrently alive on Earth.

World Population Day was established by the Governing Council of the United Nations Development Programme in 1989inspired by the public interest in Five Billion Day on July 11, 1987. The event aims to increase people's awareness on various population issues such as the importance of family planning, gender equality, poverty, maternal health and human rights.

The total number of humans currently living was estimated to have reached 7.88 billion people as of July 2021. The global population is projected to reach about 10 billion in 2050 and more than 11 billion in 2100.

If Earth's population was a village of precisely 100 people, there would be 57 Asians, 21 Europeans, 14 from the Americas and 8 Africans.


The Battle of Britain began on this day in 1940.

Heinkel He 111 bombers over the English Channel  1940

The Battle of Britain was a World War II air battle between German and British air forces over Britain from July 10, 1940 to October 31, 1940. The height of the battle occurred 30–31 August.

The Battle of Britain had been intended as a preliminary to Operation Sea Lion, Germany's code name for the plan for an invasion of the United Kingdom during the Battle of Britain.

Six days before Adolf Hitler issued his Directive 16 to the combined Wehrmacht armed forces for Operation Sea Lion, the Kanalkampf shipping attacks against British maritime convoys began on July 10, 1940, in the leadup to initiating the Battle of Britain.

At the outset the Germans had the advantage because they had seized airfields in the Netherlands, Belgium, and France, which were basically safe from attack and from which southeast England was within easy range. On August 1, 1940 the Luftwaffe had about 2,800 aircraft in France, Belgium, Holland, and Norway, outnumbering the RAF by four to one.

At first Germany's Luftwaffe aircraft was successful in destroying Britain's air force. It appeared the British RAF was about to be destroyed. In early September, King George VI called the nation to prayer, and many flocked to the churches. On September 15, 1940, two massive waves of German attacks were decisively repulsed by the RAF by deploying every aircraft in 11 Group. Sixty German aircraft were shot down in total.

Hitler indefinitely postponed Operation Sea Lion on September 17th and abandoned it on October 10th, choosing instead to invade the USSR.


Today is the ninth day in the month of July

July, from the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry

The month of July was named after Julius Caesar by a decision of the Roman Senate in 44 BC as July was the month of his birth. Before that, it had been known as Quintilis (fifth) as it was the fifth month in the old calendar.

Until the 18th century, the word July in English had the stress on the first syllable and rhymed with duly or truly.

July 1 is not the mid-point of the year. The exact halfway point comes at 1pm BST on July 3 in a non-leap year.

No month ends on the same day of the week as July unless it is a leap year, when January does so.


The Dow Jones Industrial Average reached its lowest point of The Great Depression on July 8, 1932, closing at 41.22, down 89 percent from its peak in 1929.

An impoverished American family living in a shanty, 1936

The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the 1930s. The depression originated in the United States, where it began in August 1929, when the country's economy first went into recession.

The Great Depression became worldwide news with the Wall Street Crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday). It was then that the effects of a declining economy were felt, and a major worldwide economic downturn ensued.

During the Great Depression people often made clothes out of feed sacks. Seeing this, distributors started to print their feed sacks with different colors and patterns to help people remain at least somewhat fashionable.

Because of the great economic slump, many Americans found themselves without work and had no money to buy food. Consequently kitchens distributing free soup to the needy started springing up in most large cities in the United States. For the most part it was churches and charity organisations like the Salvation Army, whic provided food for the poorest.


World Chocolate Day is an annual observance that occurs globally on July 7.


Early Central Americans and Mexicans used the seeds from the cacao tree to make a drink that tasted bitter, not sweet. The word for "chocolate" in almost every language comes from its name in the Nahuatl language of Mexico, chocolatl.

Some references indicate World Chocolate Day celebrates July 7, 1550 when Spanish conquistadors, who sought gold and silver in Mexico, returned instead with chocolate. The Spanish sweetened the bitter drink with cane sugar and cinnamon and it became a symbol of luxury, wealth and power.

Chocolate originally was just drunk. The first chocolate bar was created by JS Fry & Sons of Bristol, England in 1847. They had discovered a way to mix some of the melted cacao butter back into de-fatted, cocoa powder (along with sugar) to create a paste that could be pressed into a mold. It was sold to the public as chocolate delicieux a manger – delicious to eat.

Despite its bittersweet taste, Fry's chocolate bar was such a hit that people soon began to think of eating chocolate as much as drinking it.


Today is the anniversary of the first person to be inoculated against rabies.

Louis Pasteur in his laboratory, 1885

Rabies is an infectious disease that can be passed on by animals to humans. The disease causes acute encephalitis (a sudden inflammation in the brain). Generally, people (and animals) die from rabies. However, those who are treated soon after becoming infected have a chance to survive.

The ancient city of Eshnuna in Sumeria was aware of the causes of rabies, which they realized humans could catch from dogs. They had a law setting out the punishment for somebody who allowed a mad dog to escape and bite somebody.

On July 6, 1885, nine-year-old Joseph Meister became the first person to be inoculated against rabies. Dr Louis Pasteur had been experimenting with a vaccine made from a weakened strain of rabies virus grown in rabbits developed from dog saliva, After Joseph was bitten by a rabid dog, he was taken to Dr. Pasteur's surgery where he was treated with an untested version of the vaccine. The treatment was successful and the boy did not develop rabies. Within days, Dr Pasteur found his surgery besieged by crowds of dog bite victims.

Today, almost all human deaths caused by rabies occur in Asia and Africa. There are an estimated 59,000 human deaths annually from rabies worldwide.


On July 5, 1841 Thomas Cook organized the very first package tour.

British Baptist missionary Thomas Cook organized the very first package tour on July 5, 1844 when he chartered a train to take a party of 570 people from Leicester to a temperance rally 11 miles away at Loughborough, for a return fare of 1 shilling. The Baptist evangelist's idea to organize tours had come almost a month earlier when he was walking from his home in Market Harborough to Leicester for a Temperance meeting. Cook later recalled: "The thought suddenly flashed across my mind as to the practicability of employing the great powers of railways and locomotion for the furtherance of this social reform."

Cook subsequently organized other package tours as part of his fight against the demon drink.

Thomas Cook's first for-profit holiday excursion in 1845 took 350 people on a four day rail trip from Leicester to Liverpool. First-class tickets cost 15 shillings (75p) and second-class, 10 shillings (50p).

Cook went international in 1855, taking two groups on a 'grand circular tour' of of Belgium, Germany and France, ending in Paris for the Exhibition. The British tourists were greeted by band music and a cannon salute on arrival.


Cook later organized trips North America and Africa. In Egypt, a fleet of steam ships were launched to take tourists along the Nile.


Today is Independence Day, commonly known as the Fourth of July, is a holiday commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring the United States' independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain.

A Fourth of July fireworks display at the Washington Monument

The Americans began observing the Fourth of July in 1777, when the first-ever Independence Day celebration in Philadelphia included a parade, a thirteen-shot cannon salute and fireworks, but

The 4th of July Parade in Bristol, Rhode Island, is the oldest continuous Independence Day celebration in the US. The town has thrown the celebration every year since 1785.

Congress didn't make it official until 1870, when it made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees. In 1938, Congress changed the legislation to make it a paid federal holiday.

Calvin Coolidge, the 30th President, was born on July 4, 1872, and, so far, is the only US President to have been born on Independence Day.

According to the official census, 2.5 million people celebrated the first Independence Day, compared to over three hundred million people today.


Today is the anniversary of Karl Benz unveiling the world's first motor car.


German engineer Karl Benz (1844-1929) developed a two-stroke engine in the late 1870s. In 1885 he fitted his lightweight petrol engine to a three-wheeled carriage to pioneer the motor car.

Benz received the patent for his "horseless carriage" - the first car with an internal combustion engine in January 1886.

The Benz Patent-Motorwagen was officially unveiled by Karl Benz on July 3, 1886. The Motorwagen was both revolutionary and very, very slow: it could barely top 10 mph.

His wife and business partner Bertha Benz made the first long-distance automobile trip in August 1888, going 106 kilometers (66 mi) from Mannheim to Pforzheim, Germany, in a Benz Patent-Motorwagen returning the next day. It has been commemorated as the Bertha Benz Memorial Route since 2008.

The first driver’s licence was issued in 1888 to Karl Benz. The German engineer had received complaints from residents in Mannheim about the noise and smell from his ‘Motorwagen’, so he wrote to the authorities to request written permission to use public highways, which was granted.


The first Walmart store opened for business on July 2, 1962,

By Mike Kalasnik from Fort Mill, USA - Wal-Mart Albemarle Rd Charlotte

The history of Walmart began in 1945 when 26-year-old businessman Sam Walton  purchased a Ben Franklin variety store in Newport, Arkansas with the help of a $20,000 loan from his father-in-law, plus $5,000 he had saved while serving in the Army during World War II.  His primary focus was selling products at low prices to get higher-volume sales at a lower profit margin.

Five years later, Walton purchased a store from Luther E. Harrison in Bentonville, Arkansas, and opened a five and dime store Walton's 5 & 10.

The first true Walmart opened on July 2, 1962, in Rogers, Arkansas. Called the Wal-Mart Discount City store, it was located at 719 West Walnut Street. It was Walton's assistant, Bob Bogle, who came up with the name "Wal-Mart" for the new chain.

Within five years the Wal-Mart company had grown to 24 stores across the state of Arkansas, and had reached $12.6 million in sales.

In 1968, the Wal-Mart company opened its first stores outside of Arkansas in Sikeston, Missouri and Claremore, Oklahoma.

By 1988, Walmart was the most profitable retailer in the United States, and by October 1989, it had become the largest in terms of revenue, though it did not outsell K-Mart and Sears in terms of value of items purchased until late 1990 or early 1991.


The British North America Act took effect on July 1, 1867 created a federal dominion  with The Province of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia all joining into confederation to create the modern nation of Canada. Although still a British colony, Canada gained an increased level of political control and governance over its own affairs, the British parliament and Cabinet maintaining political control over certain areas. This date is commemorated annually in Canada as Canada Day, a national holiday.

Canada Day parade in Montreal By Martin C. Barry (Marty555)

Upon Confederation in 1867, the name Canada was officially adopted for the new Dominion. Alternative names proposed were Tuponia, Borealia, Cabotia, Transatlantica, Victorialand and Superior.

Canada became the only nation in the world with the Dominion in its name. The name the Dominion of Canada is based on Psalm 72; "He shall have Dominion... From sea to sea." Canada stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic and so was called the Dominion of Canada by its founding fathers.

By the 1950s, the term Dominion of Canada was no longer used by the United Kingdom, which considered Canada a "Realm of the Commonwealth". In 1982 the name of the national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day

The first census of the Dominion of Canada in April 1871 listed the population as 3,689,257.

Canada Day is observed on July 1, unless that date falls on a Sunday, in which case July 2 is the statutory holiday.


The emergency 999 phone service, the first of its kind in the world, was introduced to Britain on June 30, 1937.

By xJasonRogersx (Jason Rogers) - https://www.flickr.com

The introduction of Britain's emergency 999 phone service followed a two-year inquiry into the deaths of five women in a London fire in 1935. This first emergency phone number initially only covered a radius of 12 miles.

The 999 number was chosen due to the ease of dialing it on phones at that time. Tory MP Sir Sidney Herbert had suggested a special emergency button on the handset instead, saying: "How can a lady with a burglar in the house remember to dial 999?"

At first the buzzer which alerted switchboard operators to a 999 emergency call was so loud that a number of girl operators fainted when they heard it. This problem was resolved by inserting a tennis ball in the mouth of the buzzer, which succeeded in reducing the noise to a more tolerable level.

The first 911 emergency telephone system in the US. went operational in Haleyville, Alabama in February 1968.


Today is the anniversary of Apple Inc. releasing its first mobile phone, the iPhone.


Apple Inc CEO Steve Jobs unveiled in January 2006 the iPhone—a touch screen mobile phone with an iPod, camera and Web-browsing capabilities—at the Macworld convention in San Francisco.

Jobs called the iPhone a "revolutionary and magical product that is literally five years ahead of any other mobile phone."

When it went on sale in the United States on June 29, 2007 amidst huge hype, thousands of customers lined up at Apple stores across the country to be among the first to purchase an iPhone.

The 4GB phone retailed for $499 and the 8GB model debuted at $599.

In 2007, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer said there was "no chance the iPhone is going to get any significant market share."


Today is the anniversary of the day it was proved that tomatoes are safe to eat.


The wild tomato originated in the Andes mountains of Peru, but the Aztecs subsequently started cultivating them. The Spanish explorers brought the tomato to Spain from Mexico, a Moor brought it to Tangiers. From there, an Italian brought it to Italy.

In the 1500s the wealthy had plates made of pewter. Food with high acid content caused some of the lead to leach onto the food, causing lead poisoning and death. This happened most often with tomatoes and led to Europeans fearing eating the fruit.

Tomatoes were put "on trial" on June 28, 1820 in Salem, New Jersey. In front of a courthouse, gentleman farmer Colonel Robert G Johnson ate a basket of tomatoes in order to demonstrate they weren't poisonous. The crowd waited for him to die. He didn't.

An expansive marketing campaign by a Pennsylvania tomato canning factory in 1848 included sending samples to the American President James K Polk and Queen Victoria. As a result of this campaign tomatoes began to gain acceptance in America and Britain.


The world's first nuclear power station was opened at Obninsk near Moscow. It began producing electricity on June 27, 1954.

Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant Museum By RIA Novosti archive, image #409173 / Pavel Bykov

Hungarian-born physicist Leo Szilard conceived of the idea of the nuclear chain reaction while waiting for a traffic light on Southampton Row in Bloomsbury, London in September 1933.

German chemist Otto Hahn discovered the nuclear fission of the heavy element uranium, the scientific and technological basis of nuclear energy in December 1938. The decisive experiment was named "radium-barium-mesothorium-fractionation."

In December 1942 a group of scientists achieved the first self-sustaining chain reaction and thereby initiated the controlled release of nuclear energy. Leo Szilard, who had emigrated to America was among the observers.


The first helicopter as we know them today was designed by Heinrich Focke in 1936. The first prototype of the Focke-Wulf Fw 61, had its maiden flight on June 26, 1936 with Ewald Rohlfs at the controls.

A replica of Fw 61, ILA 2006 at the Hubschraubermuseum in Bückeburg

Glaswegian Kenneth Watson became the world’s first passenger to ride in a helicopter in October, 1939. The development of the aircraft — a Weir 6 — was halted soon afterwards because of World War II.

Russian-born aeronautics engineer Igor Sikorsky emigrated to the U.S. after World War I and became known as the ‘father of the helicopter’. The composer Sergei Rachmaninoff helped him start his aviation company in 1923 with a personal cheque for $5,000.

Sikorsky designed and flew the Vought-Sikorsky VS-300, the first viable American helicopter, which pioneered the rotor configuration used by most helicopters today. The first flight of the VS-300 was in May 1940.

Sikorsky's success with the VS-300 led to the R-4, which became the world's first mass-produced helicopter in 1942.

Helicopters were used in warfare for the first time when the 1st Air Commando Group used a Sikorsky R-4 in April 1944 for a combat search and rescue operation in the China-Burma-India border area.

The Sikorsky S-51, the first helicopter to be built for civilian instead of military use, made its first flight in 1946


Today is the anniversary of The Battle of the Little Bighorn, which was fought on June 25, 1876.

The Custer Fight by Charles Maeion Russell

In 1866, George Armstrong Custer was appointed Lieutenant Colonel of the 7th Cavalry Regiment and assigned to Kansas to engage in wars against the native Indians. A cavalier cavalry hero of huge popularity amongst the American populace, Custer would be called today a "media personality" who understood the value of good public relations. He frequently invited correspondents to accompany him on his campaigns, and their favorable reportage contributed to his high reputation that lasted well into the 20th century.

Custer was ordered in 1873 to Dakota territory to protect settlers and miners against the Sioux. As Custer and his 7th Cavalry left Fort Abraham Lincoln in the Dakota Territory for the Little Big Horn, the band played "The Girl I Left Behind Me."

On June 25, 1876, Custer's regiment located a Sioux village on Little Big Horn. Underestimating its size and against orders he attacked the Indian community. Having sighted the encampment he had cried "hurrah boys, we've got them." 2,500 Sioux warriors counter attacked and defeated Custer's 655 men.

Several individuals claimed personal responsibility for the killing of Custer. In 2005 at a public meeting, the Northern Cheyenne broke more than 100 years of silence about the battle. Storytellers said that according to their oral tradition, Buffalo Calf Road Woman, a Northern Cheyenne heroine of the Battle of the Rosebud, struck the final blow against Custer, which knocked him off his horse before he died.

The only living thing that the U.S. cavalry got back from the Battle of Little Big Horn was a horse named Comanche. The equine survivor lived until 1890 and became a celebrity. The public assumed that he had been Custer's horse (he hadn't) and that he was the battle's only survivor (he wasn't).


Two months after he succeeded his father Henry VII on the English throne, 18-year-old Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon were crowned King and Queen of England on June 24, 1509.

Eighteen-year-old Henry VIII after his coronation in 1509

Henry VIII was the first English king to be addressed as "your majesty". Before then, "Your Highness" or "Your Lord King" was always used.

Henry's reign is best known for his six marriages, and, in particular, his efforts to have his first marriage (to Catherine of Aragon) annulled. His six wives in order were divorced, beheaded, Died. divorced, beheaded, survived.

In 1534  Henry VIII proclaimed himself Head of the Church in England, transferring ecclesiastical jurisdiction and revenues from the pope to himself and creating the Church of England (Episcopal Church) with The Act of Supremacy.

Between 1536 and 1540, after breaking with the papacy,  Henry VIII and his chief minister, Thomas Cromwell, sold off the property and valuables of the 800 monasteries, nunneries and friaries in England.

A big spender partly subsidized by the confiscation of lands from the church, Henry needed plenty of money as his war against France emptied the Royal treasury.


The journalist Christopher Latham Sholes received a patent for an invention he called the "Type-Writer" on June 23, 1868. Sholes' invention was originally designed to print page numbers on books. It was his friend Carlos S. Glidden who suggested using it to type letters. Sholes developed his machine with the assistance of Glidden and Samuel W. Soule

The type-writer's original design was described as "a cross between a piano and a kitchen table.

A  Sholes and Glidden typewriter, as depicted in an 1872 Scientific American article.

The first document to be produced on Scholes' type-writer was a contract he had written in his capacity as the Comptroller for the city of Milwaukee.

The alphabetical layout of Sholes' type-writer meant common letters in close proximity frequently jammed at high typing speeds. To minimize such clashing, Sholes conceived in 1873 the QWERTY layout, which put common letter pairs far apart to reduce the chance of keys jamming and raise typing speed. The QWERTY layout has outlived mechanical keyboards.

Sholes' later improvements brought him two more patents, but he encountered difficulty raising working capital for development. In early 1873 he sold his patent rights for $12,000 to E. Remington and Sons of New York state (which later became the Remington Arms Company). An arms manufacturer seeking to diversify, they were a firm well equipped with the machinery and skill to carry out the development work.

E. Remington and Sons began the manufacturing of the first practical typewriter in Ilion, New York in March 1873.


Today is the anniversary of Galileo Galilei being forced to recant his view that the Sun, not the Earth, is the center of the Universe.

1636 portrait by Justus Sustermans

In 1632, Galileo Galilei published Dialogue on Two Chief World Systems, which updated Copernicus’ theories about the Earth going around the Sun and ridiculed the position taken by the church. Galileo's position on the relationship of discovered truth in nature to revealed truth in the Bible, was in his view perfectly compatible with his Catholic faith. The devout scientist argued “ I do not feel obliged to believe that the same God who has endowed us with sense, reason and intellect has intended us to forgo their use.”

The following year, The Inquisition summoned Galileo to Rome where he was cross-examined and threatened with torture. The Roman Catholic Church argued "The doctrine that the Earth is neither the center of the Universe, nor immovable, but moves, even with a daily rotation is absurd and both philosophically and theologically false and the least an error of faith."

On June 22, 1633 the 69-year-old Galileo recanted under pressure from the Holy Office and was sentenced to house arrest for his last years. After his revocation Galileo was heard to mutter under his breath “Eppur si moove” (“But still it moves”).

In 1992 Pope John Paul II admitted the Roman Catholic Church had erred in condemning Galileo, thirteen years after he appointed a commission of philosophers, scientists and theologians to investigate the evidence of the Italian's controversial discoveries..


Today is The Summer Solstice in the Northern Hemisphere

Midsummer celebration at Årnäs, Sweden, in 1969

In the Northern hemisphere, the summer solstice, or longest day, usually falls on June 20 or 21. The last time it did not fall on either of those dates was in 1975 when it was June 22nd.

The  solstice is when the Sun is at its highest point in the sky during a year. The solstice itself is one moment, but many use the word to mean the day when the solstice happens.

In the Southern Hemisphere the June solstice is the winter solstice. It is also known as the northern solstice.

The word solstice comes from Latin and means that "the Sun stands still".

Many think the terms Summer Solstice and Midsummer's Day are interchangeable – but they are in fact their own special events. In 2024, the Summer Solstice is on 20th June. The longest day of the year with some 16 hours of sunlight. But in some parts of Europe, Midsummer's Day is celebrated on the closest weekend to the solstice, which would be June 24th in 2024,

In Sweden the Midsummer is such an important festivity that there have been serious discussions to make the Midsummer's Eve into the National Day of Sweden.


World Refugee Day is an international day organized every year on June 20 by the United Nations. It is designed to celebrate and honor refugees from around the world. The day celebrates the strength and courage of people who have been forced to leave their home country to escape conflict, terror or persecution.
Stephen Michael Barnett World Refugee Day , Malak, Darwin

Globally there are estimated to be more than 82 million refugees and internally displaced persons, In the early weeks of the conflict in Ukraine at least 3.5 million people sought sanctuary in neighboring countries. Christians have been forced to flee their homes by Islamist attacks in Nigeria, the Taliban takeover in Afghanistan, oppression by the Myanmar military government, and land disputes in various countries where they are driven out by followers of the majority religion.


June 19 is celebrated annually by African-Americans. The celebration of Juneteenth dates back to 1865 when slaves in Texas were told that they were free and that the Civil War had ended.

Ashton Villa, where Major Granger read the Order. By Nsaum75 at English Wikipedia

By proclamation in 1862 President Abraham Lincoln emancipated all the slaves within reach of his northern armies, thereby interpreting the American Civil War as a crusade against slavery.

Although the Emancipation Proclamation had formally freed them and the American Civil War had largely ended with the defeat of the Confederate States in April 1865, Texas was the most remote of the slave states, with a low presence of Union troops, so enforcement of the proclamation had been slow

The June 19th celebration of Juneteenth dates back to 1865 when Major General Gordon Granger arrived in the Texan city of Galveston with an announcement. As the community listened to the reading, the people of Galveston learned for the first time that all slaves in Texas were free and the Civil War was over.

The day was recognized as a federal holiday on June 17, 2021, when President Joe Biden signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act into law. Because June 19th fell on a Saturday in 2021, it was celebrated a day earlier. 

Despite slavery having been outlawed in all recognized countries, there are currently an estimated 40.3  million people subject to some form of modern slavery worldwide. 70 per cent of victims are female, 30 percent are male. Up to a quarter of victims are children.


The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday, June 18, 1815, near Waterloo in Belgium.

The Battle of Waterloo, by William Sadler II

The Battle of Waterloo started at noon when a British-led coalition consisting of 68,000 soldiers from the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Hanover, Brunswick and Nassau, under the command of the Duke of Wellington fought a French army of 73,000 soldiers under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte. The British were joined by 48,000 men from the Prussian army under Field Marshal von Blücher. in mid-afternoon.

The Battle actually took place at Braine l'Alleud, about eight miles (13 kms) south of Waterloo, but Wellington had a habit of naming battles after the place he had spent the previous night.

Heavy rain before the battle created swamp-like conditions. Wellington stayed on the high ground, forcing the French to slog uphill from the boggy valley, with their guns sunk up to their axles in thick mud. With the Prussians breaking through on the French right flank, the Anglo-allied army repulsed the Imperial Guard, and the French army was routed. By 11pm the battle had ended  News of Wellington's victory  was first delivered by a pigeon to England.

The Battle of Waterloo ended 12 years’ war between France and an alliance including Britain, Russia, the Netherlands and Prussia (now in Germany).

After the defeat, Napoleon was captured and exiled to the South Atlantic island of Saint Helena, where he died in 1821.


June 17th is Icelandic National Day, celebrating the independence of Iceland from Denmark. The Kingdom of Iceland becomes a sovereign state in 1918, yet remained a part of the Danish kingdom until 1944 when it declared its independence and became a republic. 

Many Icelanders refer to World War II as "the blessed war" because the country has the war to thank for their independence.

Below is the festival procession in Reykjavik on the National Day of Iceland, 2007

By I, Akigka,  Wikipedia

June 17th was chosen as Independence Day as it was the birthday of Jon Sigurosson, the 19th century leader of the Iceland Independence Movement.


Francis Drake claimed California for England on this day in 1579.

View of San Francisco 1846–47

Historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain, forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later. (Alta California had an area comprising the modern state of California and other states to the east.)

English sea captain Sir Francis Drake claimed the area where San Francisco is now for England on June 17, 1579. The natives thought they were gods and offered them their entire country. Drake accepted and claimed the land in the name of Queen Elizabeth calling it New Albion and staking to a post an engraved metal plate. Technically, this means the West Coast was "New England" before the East as John Smith didn't use the name to describe Massachusetts until 1616.

The name "California" comes from a 16th century romance novel about a mythical island populated solely by black women warriors armed with gold weapons, ruled by a Queen named Calafia.

Between 1530 and 1750, a large portion of the world wholeheartedly believed that California was, in fact, a massive island. Popular opinion slowly shifted to the area being a Peninsula, but many maps continued to show it as an island to the mid-1700s.

1846 marked the outbreak of the Mexican-American War. When Commodore John D. Sloat of the United States Navy sailed into Monterey Bay and began the military occupation of California by the United States, Northern California capitulated in less than a month to the US forces. After a series of defensive battles in Southern California, the Treaty of Cahuenga was signed by the Californios on January 13, 1847, securing American control in California.

California was admitted as the thirty-first US state in September 1850.


Root beer was created by Philadelphia pharmacist Charles E. Hires as an herbal tea made of various roots, berries and herbs for cough and mouth sores. It was inspired by a root tea served to him on his honeymoon. Hires packaged his herbal mixture in boxes and sold it to housewives and proprietors of soda fountains making his first sale on June 16, 1869. He decided to call his drink "root beer" despite not containing any alcohol as he wanted to market it to Pennsylvania coal miners.

A Hires' Root beer advertisement from 1894.

Hines used aggressive advertising to help spread the word about his drink. By 1893, root beer was being distributed widely across the United States.


In America, Father's Day was founded by Sonora Dodd of Spokane, Washington and celebrated on the third Sunday of June for the first time in 1910. It is held on various days in many parts of the world all throughout the year, often in the months of March, May and June.

The idea for a father's day originated when Sonora Dodd heard a sermon on Mother's Day in 1909 and was inspired to create a date to honor fathers like her own, a Civil War veteran. Through her efforts, the first Father's Day was celebrated in Spokane on June 19, 1910.

Although Dodd initially suggested June 5, her father's birthday, the Spokane pastors did not have enough time to prepare their sermons, and the celebration was deferred to the third Sunday of June.

Dodd used the "Fathers' Day" spelling on her original petition for the holiday, but the spelling "Father's Day" was already being used in 1913 when a bill was introduced to the U.S. Congress as the first attempt to establish the holiday.

In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson went to Spokane to speak in a Father's Day celebration and wanted to make it official, but Congress resisted, fearing that it would become commercialized.

President Lyndon B. Johnson issued the first presidential proclamation honoring fathers, designating the third Sunday in June as Father's Day in 1966. Six years later, the day was made a permanent national holiday when President Richard Nixon signed it into law in 1972.


Global Wind Day is a worldwide event organized by WindEurope (WindEurope) and GWEC (Global Wind Energy Council) that is held on June 15 around the world. It is a day for discovering wind energy, its power and the possibilities it holds to reshape our energy systems, decarbonize our economies and boost jobs and growth.

A wind turbine is a rotating machine that converts the wind's kinetic energy into electrical energy.


James Blyth, inventor of the wind turbine, was born on April 4, 1839 in Marykirk, Scotland. In July 1887 he built a cloth-sailed wind turbine in the garden of his holiday home in Marykirk and used the electricity it produced to charge accumulators; the stored electricity was used to power the lights in his cottage, which thus became the first house in the world to be powered by wind-generated electricity.

Blyth was awarded a UK patent for his "wind engine" in November 1891. He later developed an improved model which served as an emergency power source at Montrose Lunatic Asylum for the next 30 years.


International Bath Day is observed every year on June 14.

Wikipedia

Greek scientist and mathematician Archimedes discovered the Archimedian principle when he stepped into his bath and found the displaced water overflowing. This made him excited as he realised the weight of water displaced by an object equals the amount of buoyancy it gets. Thus an object’s volume could be accurately measured by being submerged in water! Unable to contain his excitement, Archimedes leapt out of the bathtub and yelled, “Eureka, Eureka!” as he ran through the streets of Syracuse.

International Bath Day is observed every year on June 14 as Archimedes' discovery occurred precisely one week before the beginning of summer. In ancient Greece Summer began (and still does today) on June 21st. The week before is June 14th, and this was the date set.

According to records of payment made to King John (1166-1216)'s bath attendant, William Aquarius, the king bathed on average about once every three weeks, which cost a considerable sum of 5d to 6d each, suggesting an elaborate and ceremonial affair. Although this may seem barbaric by modern standards, it was civilized compared to monks who were expected to bathe three times a year, with the right not to bathe at all if they so chose.

In Japan, baths, known as of 'ofuro' are deep, short and made of wood. People wash before entering one, as bathing is seen as a leisure activity.


The pin-tumbler lock or yale lock was invented on June 13, 1844.

A common type of pin tumbler lock, of the euro cylinder type By Willh26 

Locks in varying configurations have been employed by mankind since a large stone was first rolled in front of a cave entrance to assure privacy and control over entry.

The ancient Egyptians used intricate locks 4,000 years ago. The wooden contraption included a key that lifted pins, allowing a latch bar to slide free.

The pin-tumbler lock or yale lock was invented on June 13, 1844 by lock shop owner Linus Yale Sr, whose name still adorns billions of keys. Yale drew his inspiration from the Egyptian pin-and-bolt locks which were made of wood.

In 1850 his son, Linus Yale, Jr. joined him at the lock shop and began working on improving his father’s pin tumbler lock. Linus Yale, Jr.'s June 27, 1865 patent for a pin-tumbler lock and key was a drastic improvement over previous models, and is the basis for pin-tumbler locks since.


Independence Day, also known as "Day of Freedom," is an annual national holiday in the Philippines observed on June 12, commemorating the declaration of Philippine independence from Spain in 1898.

The Proclamation of Independence as depicted on a 1985 Philippine five peso bill

The Philippine archipelago was first sighted in 1521 by Ferdinand Magellan on his expedition to the Spice Islands, but it was in 1543 during the reign of King Philip II of Spain that Spanish explorer Ruy Lopez de Villalobos renamed them from the archipelago of St. Lazarus to Las Islas Filipinas in Philip's honor.

General Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Philippines' independence, ending 333 years of Spanish colonial rule on June 12, 1898.  However, the Philippines failed to win international recognition of its independence, specifically including the United States of America and Spain.

The Philippine islands were ceded by Spain to the United States as a result of the latter's victory in the Spanish–American War. A compensation of $20 million was paid to Spain according to the terms of the 1898 Treaty of Paris. 

As it became increasingly clear the United States would not recognize the nascent First Philippine Republic, the Philippine–American War broke out. It began in February 1899 when an American soldier, under orders to keep insurgents away from his unit's encampment, fired upon a Filipino soldier in Manila. The U.S. used Concentration camps, water cure and the destruction of crops to Philippines became a US colony.

The declaration wasn't recognized by the United States and it remained an American colony until being granted independence in 1946. On July 4, 1946 the Philippines finally gained their independence after 381 years of near-continuous colonial rule by various powers. The Philippines was recognized by the United States as fully independent on that day


Today is the anniversary of Benjamin Franklin's invention of an all-metal fireplace, which enabled people to warm their houses less dangerously.

File:Franklin - Pennsylvania Fireplace.png
Franklin’s diagram for his stove

Early clay closed stoves used for cooking were known from the Chinese Qin Dynasty (221 BC–206/207 BC), and a similar design known as kamado appeared in the Kofun period (3rd–6th century) in Japan. These stoves were fired by wood or charcoal through a hole in the front. Such Far Eastern closed stoves did not spread to European countries until the end of the Middle Ages.

By the 1720s, such cast iron stoves were beginning to be made in quantity in North America and Europe. They were called Five-plate stoves and were fed by wood, charcoal, or coal. Used both for heating and cooking, they had an oven below and pot holes on top. However, because they gave off a large amount of heat, they made the kitchen an uncomfortable place in the summer.

On June 11, 1742 Benjamin Franklin, laid the foundations of modern stove design with his 'Pennsylvania Fireplace', which stood in the fireplace. It incorporated a grate and sliding doors that controlled the flow of air through the stove.

The grate of Franklin's stove extended out into the room, where it cast warmth in all directions, providing considerably more heat than the drafty open fireplace. It also enabled people to use less wood.

However Franklin's 'Pennsylvania Fireplace' was finicky and achieved few sales until it was improved by David Rittenhouse. Despite never catching on, many stoves continue to be referred to as "Franklin" stoves.


Alexander The Great died on this day in 323BC.

Mosaic showing Alexander the Great fighting King Darius III of Persia

King of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon, Alexander the Great was renowned as one of history's most successful military commanders as he went undefeated in battle. He'd created one of the largest empires of the ancient world by his early thirties. In the space of eight years he conquered Syria and Egypt and the whole of Middle East as far as India, which he believed was the edge of the world so his men persuaded him to turn back.

On an expedition seeking a potion guaranteeing immortal life, Alexander came across some apples which supposedly prolonged the lives of priests who fed on them and nothing else up to 400 years. It didn't work for him. The Macedonian conqueror died probably of typhoid fever in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar II, in Babylon, aged 32 on June 10, 323BC.

Some modern historians believe that Alexander the Great may have been accidentally buried alive  up to six days before his death, after succumbing to Guillain-Barré Syndrome. This would have left him unable to speak or move, and his breath so shallow that he was pronounced dead.

Alexander's body was laid in a gold anthropoid sarcophagus that was filled with honey, which was in turn placed in a gold casket. While Alexander's funeral cortege was on its way to Macedon, Ptolemy seized it and took it temporarily to Memphis. His successor, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, transferred the sarcophagus to Alexandria, where it remained until at least late Antiquity. Its whereabouts now is unknown.

The rise of Alexander was prophesied 250 years before he was born in the Old Testament Book of Daniel (Daniel 8 v5-8 and 20-22). It predicts the kingdom of Medo Persia being overthrown by King of Greece. Then the kingdom is divided on his death between his four generals but they will not have the same power.


The Feast Day of Saint Columba, also known as the Feast of St. Columba or St. Columba's Day, is celebrated on June 9th. St. Columba, also called Columcille, was an Irish monk and missionary who lived in the 6th century. He is one of the most important figures in the early Christianization of Ireland and Scotland.

St. Columba is known for founding several monastic communities, most notably the monastery at Iona in present-day Scotland. He played a significant role in spreading Christianity throughout the region and was known for his learning, piety, and missionary zeal.


On St. Columba's Feast Day, many churches and religious communities that venerate him commemorate his life and contributions to the faith. Special liturgical services may be held, focusing on his teachings and example. It is also a day for believers to reflect on the legacy of St. Columba and seek inspiration from his dedication to God and his evangelistic efforts.


Today is the anniversary of the first sale of ice cream in the USA. 


Ice cream was invented in China when someone packed a soft milk-and-rice mixture in snow. The founder of the AD 618–907 T'ang dynasty, King T'ang of Shang, kept 94 "ice men" on hand to lug ice to the palace to make a dish made of koumiss (heated, fermented milk), flour, and camphor.

The Sicilian chef Francesco Procopia dei Coltelli  (1651 - 1727) perfected the making of ice cream.
In 1686 he opened Le Procope, the first café in Paris. Here after being considered a dessert for royalty alone, water ices, cream ices and sorbets were made available to the general public for the first time.

Mrs Mary Eales published the first English recipe for ice cream in 1718. Whilst the continentals favored water ices, the British had a preference for their iced desserts being made with cream.

Noblewomen eating ice cream in a French caricature, 1801

Ice cream was introduced to the United States by Quaker colonists who brought their ice cream recipes with them. The first commercially made ice cream went on sale in New York in 1786. The New York Post Boy, of June 8, 1786, made this announcement: "Ladies and gentlemen may be supplied with ice cream every day at the City tavern by their humble servant, Joseph Cowe.”


George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four was published on this day in 1948.

The first-edition front cover of the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.

In August 1941, the writer George Orwell was taken on full-time by the BBC's Eastern Service as a propagandist. He resigned from the BBC post two years later in order to concentrate on writing Animal Farm.

In 1947 Orwell moved to the Scottish island of Jura in the Outer Hebrides, where he tried to support himself by growing vegetables. Orwell wrote Nineteen Eighty-Four there away from the phone and other distractions. It was published June 8, 1949.

He originally wanted to call it "Nineteen Forty Eight" to show it was a contemporary warning rather than a prophecy.

George Orwell named the torture chamber Room 101 in Nineteen Eighty-Four after a conference room at the BBC headquarters where he had to sit through numerous tedious meetings.

On October 21, 1949, a few months after the publication of Nineteen Eighty-Four, George Orwell received a letter from his former teacher Aldous Huxley, whose Brave New World had been published 17 years earlier.  Huxley commended the book and contrasted it with his own futuristic novel. He wrote:  "I feel that the nightmare of Nineteen Eighty-Four is destined to modulate into the nightmare of a world having more resemblance to that which I imagined in Brave New World.


Charles Haddon Spurgeon, "Prince of Preachers," preached his last sermon at the Tabernacle in London on June 7, 1891.

Spurgeon preaching at the Surrey Music Hall circa 1858

One January day in 1850, a snow storm made the 15-year-old Charles Spurgeon seek shelter in a Primitive Methodist chapel in Colchester, Essex. He was converted from nominal Anglicanism while listening to a local preacher there. The text that moved young Charles was Isaiah 45:22 – "Look unto me, and be ye saved, all the ends of the earth, for I am God, and there is none else."

In 1854, three months before his 20th birthday, Spurgeon was appointed Baptist pastor at New Park Street Chapel, in Southwark, London. At the time it was the largest Baptist congregation in the city, but numbers had dwindled for several years.

Spurgeon quickly gained fame for his directness in preaching, which seemed to some to border on irreverence. Charles Spurgeon's sermons were so popular that in 1861 a new hall, the Metropolitan Tabernacle, near the Elephant and Castle, London, was built to accommodate his expanding congregation. It seated 5000 people with standing room for another 1000.

Over the next thirty years Spurgeon became possibly the greatest preacher of his age, 6,000 gathered at the Metropolitan Tabernacle to hear him twice each Sunday. However he remained aware of the responsibility of his calling, claiming he "trembles" lest he should misinterpret the Word of God.


On D-Day, code named Operation Overlord, June 6, 1944, the Allies succeed on landing in occupied France. It was a major turning point in World War II.
 
Men of the 16th Infantry Regiment, U.S. 1st Infantry Division wade ashore on Omaha Beach

General Dwight Eisenhower, as commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force, agonized on the date to launch the invasion. Several days of bad weather made aircraft reconnaissance impossible and seas too rough for the landing craft.

A break in the weather was forecast for June 6th. Early that morning, German defenders on bluffs overlooking the beaches were stunned to peer out over the English Channel and see thousands of ships.

156,000 Allied US, British, and Canadian troops landed on the Normandy beaches on June 6, 1944. The allied soldiers quickly broke through the Atlantic Wall and pushed inland in the largest amphibious military operation in history. Many felt the hand of God was involved in providing the crucial weather break needed to launch the invasion.

Although the landings turned out to be a resounding success, Eisenhower hedged his bets by keeping in his pocket a communiqué announcing the failure of the landings and accepting full responsibility.


Today is World Environment Day, the United Nations' principal vehicle for encouraging awareness and action for the protection of the environment.

This is a work (CG or photograph) by Danilo Prudêncio Silva. My Flickr. 

World Environment Day was established in 1972 by the United Nations on the first day of the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment. First held in 1974, it is celebrated on June 5 to raise awareness, support action, and drive changes for the environment.

An early example of concern for environmental protection occurred in England when King Edward I of England banned the burning of sea-coal by proclamation in London in 1272, after its smoke had become a problem. The fuel was so common in England that this earliest of names for it was acquired because it could be carted away from some shores by the wheelbarrow.

Many people associate the beginning of the environmental movement with the 1962 publication of Rachel Carson's groundbreaking book, Silent Spring, which spelled out the dangers of the pesticide DDT. The book awakened many to the potential environmental and health hazards of using powerful chemicals in agriculture.

The first green party in Europe was the Popular Movement for the Environment, founded in 1972 in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel.


Today is the anniversary of Henry Ford giving his first gasoline-powered automobile its first test run.

Henry Ford sits in his first automobile, the Ford Quadricycle, in 1896.

In 1891, Henry Ford became an engineer with the Edison Illuminating Company. Two years later, he was promoted to chief engineer at the main Detroit Edison Company plant with responsibility for maintaining electric service in the city 24 hours a day. When Ford explained his idea of a gasoline powered car to Thomas Edison, Edison encouraged Ford that he "had it". Ford claimed later that "No man up to then had given me any encouragement".

Because he was on call at all times, Ford had no regular hours and could experiment to his heart's content. After experimenting in his spare time he built his first self-propelled vehicle. A small one-cylinder gasoline model, which was capable of 25mph., he named it the Ford Quadricycle. He gave it a successful test run on June 4, 1896.

The Quadricycle had four wire wheels that looked like heavy bicycle wheels, was steered with a tiller like a boat, and had only two forward speeds with no reverse.

When Ford's Quadricycle was initially ready to be driven out of his workshop he had overlooked it was too wide to get it out of his doorway. So Ford smashed a hole through the wall with an axe.

Once Ford had maneuvered his Quadcycle out of his workshop he drove it round the streets of Dearborn and Detroit. Fascinated crowds gathered wherever he drove and terrified horses galloped away in panic.


Today is International World Bicycle Day (June 3).

Woman riding bicycle in Copenhagen By heb@Wikimedia Commons 

The bicycle evolved from a tiny wooden horse with a front wheel that was invented in France in the 1790s. The design was improved in 1817, by Germany's Baron Karl von Drais, who developed the steerable front wheel.

The world’s first pedal bicycle was made by a Scottish blacksmith Kirkpatrick Macmillan (d1878) of Keir Mill, Dumfriesshire in 1839. His novel design for the first time enabled cyclists to ride with both their feet continuously off the ground. The popular bicycle of the time, the Hobby Horse, only provided momentum through the swinging of the riders feet back and forth. Macmillan never patented his idea and it was therefore widely copied.

During the four years Macmillan was developing his new machine, he traveled through the country lanes of his home district. Macmillan, who was known locally as 'Daft Pate', was able to attain speeds up to 14 mph and, to the dismay of drivers and passengers, on many occasions he overtook the local stage-coach.

Further advance in the evolution of the cycle was made, once again, in France, when E. Michaux, of Paris began to construct the original "boneshaker" in 1865. This was designed by Pierre Lallement, a mechanic employed by Michaux's firm. Its main feature was that the front wheel (larger than the rear wheel) was driven by a crank, fixed on its axle. The wheels themselves were still made of wood, but had iron tires.

The Briton John Kemp Stanley’s Rover safety bicycle, which he patented in 1885, was the prototype of a design that survives with few modifications today. It turned cycling, which had been something of an extreme sport on the old penny-farthings, into a safe form of mass transportation.


Festa della Repubblica is the Italian National Day and Republic Day, celebrated on June 2nd each year.


The main celebration typically takes place in Rome, where various events and ceremonies occur, including a military parade that marches down Via dei Fori Imperiali towards Piazza Venezia and a laurel wreath is placed as a tribute to the Italian Unknown Soldier at the Altare della Patria.

This day commemorates the birth of the Italian Republic and the end of the monarchy, as a result of the 1946 referendum where Italians chose to become a republic.


Today is the first day of the month of June

June, Leandro Bassano

June is named for the Roman goddess Juno, the wife of Jupiter.

Juno was the Roman goddess of marriage. Because of this, getting married in June was thought to be lucky.

June begins on a different day of the week each year.

Splitting the year into four seasons of three full months apiece based on the Gregorian calendar, June 1st is the meteorological first day of summer.

Billy Connolly: "There are two seasons in Scotland: June and Winter."


Today is the anniversary of Samuel Pepys' last diary entry.

The six volumes of the diary manuscript

Samuel Pepys kept his famous detailed private diary from 1660 until May 31, 1669. An administrator of the navy of England, Samuel Pepys rose to be the Chief Secretary to the Admiralty under King Charles II and later under James II. Although he had no maritime experience, Pepys rose by patronage, hard work and his talent for administration.

Pepys referred to his health well over a thousand times in his diaries. Most of the time the purpose of noting his condition was to record sickness episodes to help prevent him from falling ill in a similar way in the future. In particular Pepys frequently caught colds, which he made over one hundred references to. The diarist generally blamed the weather for going down with a chill but in fact he should have blame his own susceptibility to colds on his own carelessness. Pepys caught colds after standing in draughts, leaving off his wig and having a bare head, being under dressed without anything to protect his bare legs, and wearing clothes that hadn't been aired.

Pepys wrote his diary using a fountain pen, which at the time was quite a novelty. He recorded in his diary in August 1663: "This evening came a letter about business from Mr Coventry, and with it a Silver pen he promised me, to carry inke in(sic); which is very necessary."

Citing poor eyesight, Samuel Pepys recorded his last entry in his diary on May 31, 1669. His diaries are one of the most important primary sources for the English Restoration period.


The 19-year-old Joan of Arc was burned at the stake on this day in 1431 by an English-dominated tribunal during the Hundred Years War.

Jeanne d'Arc, by Eugène Thirion (1876). 

Joan of Arc first gained prominence during the Hundred Years War when the unanointed King Charles VII  of France sent her to the Siege of Orléans as part of a relief army. The siege was lifted only nine days later. Several additional swift victories led to Charles VII's consecration at Reims. This long-awaited event boosted French morale and paved the way for the final French victory.

Joan was sent to relieve Compiègne in 1430. Her success had made her enemies amongst the Burgundians, English and church officials and she fell into the English hands, via the Burgundians (who delivered her for ten thousand French Francs).

Joan of Arc was imprisoned for nine months before being bought before the Court of the Bishop of Beavais in 1431. In fifteen sessions she defended herself, standing up to the charges with good nature, majoring on her devotion to her country and her purity.She was charged, found guilty of witchcraft and heresy and originally sentenced to life imprisonment. However  Joan was forced to continue to wear male apparel, (because that was all she was given). This strengthened the prosecution's case, and she was condemned by the pro-English judge, Pierre Cauchon. to be burnt at the stake as a heretic and a cross-dresser.

The execution of Joan of Arc by burning took place in Rouen, France on May 30, 1431. The peasant teenager asked for a cross to be held in front of her that she could see through the flames. Her last words were " Jesus! Jesus! Jesus! Blessed be God." As she died, the spectators, including the soldiers, wept.

Joan of Arc was beatified in Rome on April 18, 1909 and canonized in 1920, for her faithfulness for promoting to God's grace. Saint Joan of Arc's feast day is 30th May. She is the only Catholic saint to have been burnt as a heretic.


Oak Apple Day or Royal Oak Day, was an English public holiday, observed annually on May 29, to commemorate the restoration of the English monarchy in May 1660. In some parts of the country the day is still celebrated.

Charles II was born on May 29, 1630 the second but oldest surviving son of Charles I. He was called by Parliament “the Son of the Last” as they thought his father would be the last King of England.

In 1646, his father, fearing for his safety during the Civil War, ordered him to go to France. In 1650 he returned to Scotland and was crowned Charles II  of Scotland at Scone. However, after defeat at Worcester he fled to the continent again. Charles escaped the Roundhead army by hiding in an oak tree at Boscobel House, Shropshire climbing up the tree by means of a hen roost ladder. He ultimately escaped the region posing as the servant of Jane Lane of Bentley and was scolded for incompetence in the kitchen of the King's Lodge.

King Charles II & Colonel William Careless in the Royal Oak by Isaac Fuller

King Charles II returned from exile in Holland and on May 29, 1660, his 30th birthday, he was received in London to public acclaim. To celebrate Charles' return to the country of his birth, May 29th was made a public holiday, popularly known as Oak Apple Day.


The Spanish Armada set sail for the English Channel on this day in 1588.

English ships and the Spanish Armada, August 1588

Philip II of Spain planned to invade England, seize the throne from Elizabeth I and restore the power of the Catholic Church. He wanted to punish England for its support of Dutch Protestants fighting against the Spanish rule and for Francis Drake's plundering of Spanish possessions in America and Cadiz.

On May 28, 1588 a fleet of 130 ships under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia set sail from Lisbon with the purpose of escorting an army to invade England. The plan was to stop in the Netherlands and pick up an additional 17,000 troops from the Duke of Parma. Unfortunately half of the ships were heavy, badly equipped galleons that were difficult to manoeuvre and they had insufficient firepower. The English fleet consisted of 226 smaller more manoeuvrable vessels with a naval gun that was easier and faster to load.

On reaching the English Channel, the fleet was met by the English ships and caused them to scatter to north France. In the ensuing Battle of Gravelines on July 29, 1588 Lord Howard's tactics of sending in fireships forced the Spanish to break formation and abandon its rendezvous with Parma's army, who were blockaded in harbor by Dutch flyboats.

The Armada managed to regroup and withdrew into the North Sea with the English fleet harrying it up the east coast of England. The fleet was disrupted during severe storms in the North Atlantic and a large number of the vessels were wrecked on the coasts of Scotland and Ireland. Of the initial 130 ships over a third failed to return.

The defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of the decline of Spanish power.


On May 27, 1703, the Russian Tsar, Peter the Great, cut two strips of turf on a desolate swamp taken from the Swedes at the mouth of the River Neva, laid them across one another and declared "Here there shall be a city". That city was St Petersburg.

The picture below shows Peter the Great Meditating the Idea of Building St Petersburg at the Shore of the Baltic Sea by Alexandre Benois, 1916


Peter the Great hated the Kremlin, where as a child he had witnessed the brutal torture and murder of his mother's family. When he built his capital at St Petersburg the Tsar forbade even the slightest repair on stone buildings in Moscow asserting that every mason was needed in the new city.

The beautiful Saint Petersburg was designed by Italian, German and Scottish architects and engineers, and built in record time by conscripted peasants from all over Russia; a number of Swedish prisoners of war were also involved in some years under the supervision of Alexander Menshikov. Tens of thousands of serfs died building the city.

Within nine years, the city was completed and St Petersburg became the Russian capital in 1712.

Peter the Great ordered all Moscow nobles, merchants, and middle-class professionals to pack up their belongings and move to the newly created city. The Tsar also encouraged foreigners to move there to offer their advice and skills.


Today is Memorial Day, a federal holiday in the United States for honoring and mourning the military personnel who have died while serving in the United States Armed Forces.
 
Picture of graves decorated with flags at Arlington National Cemetery on Memorial Day 2008

When Memorial Day was originally created, it was actually called Decoration Day. On May 5, 1868, three years after the Civil War ended, Major. General. John A. Logan, the head of the Grand Army of the Republic, an organization of Union veterans, called for the creation of Decoration Day as a nationwide decorating of the graves of those who died in the war with flowers.

During the first Decoration Day on May 30, 1868, General James Garfield spoke at Arlington National Cemetery, and 5,000 observers decorated more than 20,000 Union and Confederate graves.

The name of the holiday was  changed to Memorial Day around the time of World War I.

Memorial Day celebrations continued to take place on May 30. However, on June 28, 1968, the United States Congress signed the Uniform Monday Holiday Act that said that the official Memorial Day holiday is May 30, but that Memorial Day was to be observed by Federal Employees as a paid holiday on the last Monday in May.


May 26th is World Redhead Day. Besides celebrating red hair, the day raises awareness about the stigma associated with red hair, and the discrimination that redheads sometimes face.

Natural red hair occurs naturally in just under 2% of the human population. - approximately 140 million people. It occurs more frequently (2–6%) in people of northern or western European ancestry, and less frequently in other populations.


The highest concentration of redheads is in Scotland with 13%, followed by Ireland with 10%.


The first international chess tournament opened on this day in 1851.

Judit Polgár, 2008 By Stefan64 - Self-photographed

Chess evolved in India by the 6th century AD as a game of war: to illustrate and rehearse army movements. The Persians adopted the game of chess from India, and when the Arabs conquered Iran, they made chess part of their life and carried it wherever they went. That is how, with the spread of Islam, chess also extended as far West as Spain, as far North as Turkistan, as far East as the Malayan Islands, and as far South as Zanzibar.

In 1561, a Spanish priest named Ruy López de Segura published his celebrated chess strategy book, Libro de la Invencion liberal y Arte del juego del Axedrez. The tome recommends playing with your back to the sun to blind your opponent. If playing at night by a fire, it advises you to cast a shadow over the board with your hand, so your opponent "will not be able to see where to play his pieces."

The first international chess tournament opened in London on May 26, 1851. The tournament was conceived and organized by English player Howard Staunton, and marked the first time that the best chess players in Europe would meet in a single event. German chess master Adolf Anderssen won the sixteen-player tournament, earning him the status of the best player in Europe.

Garry Kasparov, of the Soviet Union is considered by many to be the greatest chess player of all time. From 1986 until his retirement in 2005, Kasparov was ranked world No. 1 for 225 out of 228 months.


May 25th is celebrated each year as the National Day of Argentina, a public holiday remembering the First National Government of Argentina.

Argentine national flag

"Argentum” is the Latin for silver and Argentina's name means "Land of Silver." However, there is actually very little of the metal there. It was misnamed by explorers who thought they saw silver there.

Originally inhabited by American Indian peoples, the population of Argentina numbered about 300,000 at the time of the first visit by Europeans in the early 16th century.

In 1526 Sebastian Cabot, the pilot-major of Charles V, Holy Roman emperor and king of Spain landed at Rio De La Plata. On hearing of mineral wealth in the interior, he explored up the rivers Paraná and Paraguay. He constructed there a small fort called Sancti Spiritu at the confluence of the Paraná and the Río Carcarañá, in what is currently Santa Fe Province.

The population rose against Spanish rule in 1810. On May 25, 1810 The Primera Junta, the first independent government in Argentina, was established in an open cabildo in Buenos Aires, marking the end of the May revolution.


On May 24, 1738, John Wesley was converted while attending a Moravian meeting.  

Wesley preaching to his assistants in the City Road Chapel
  
John Wesley studied at Oxford University with the intention of becoming a clergyman. There he joined a prayer group, The Holy Club in 1729. The Holy Club members fasted, went without sleep, lay on grass on frosty nights, visited the sick and prisoners, but it was all good works and no personal salvation. Due to their methodical ways they were scathingly called "Methodists".

Wesley spent an unsuccessful two years ministering in Georgia, America. On a stormy and dangerous trip back from Georgia, Wesley was greatly impressed by the calm faith of some of his fellow passengers, a group of Moravians from Austria who sang hymns in the midst of the storm.

A few months after his disastrous Georgia experience, a down-beaten John Wesley attended a meeting at Aldersgate, London. Whilst a passage from Luther's Preface to the Romans was read, Wesley felt his heart "strangely warmed".

After Wesley had this conversion experience he visited Count Zinzendorf's Moravian community to see how the Gospel was lived out in community. He then returned to England and founded the Methodist movement, an offshoot of the Anglican Church, to spread "scriptural holiness" throughout the land.

For over 50 years Wesley preached 15 times a week on average a total of close to 40,000 sermons, sometimes to crowds of over 20,000 people. His evangelization of the proletariat helped keep Britain from a similar revolution to the one France was experiencing at the time.


World Turtle Day is observed on May 23 each year. The purpose of this holiday is to bring attention to, and increase knowledge of and respect for, turtles and tortoises, and encourage human action to help them survive and thrive.

The words turtle, tortoise and terrapin are often used interchangeably but the general rule is to call them tortoises if land-based, turtles if river or sea-based, and terrapins if amphibian.

Pixabay

In Britain, 'turtle' is generally used for saltwater species, 'terrapin' for freshwater varieties. However in the USA the word ‘turtle' covers all types while Australians use ‘tortoise' for any of them.

One way to tell a turtle and a tortoise apart is by looking at their feet – water turtles usually have flippers or webbed feet and their shells are flatter while tortoises have stubby feet and domed shells.


Today is Sherlock Holmes Day, marking the birthday of his creator Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

1891 Paget portrait of Holmes smoking his pipe for "The Man with the Twisted Lip"

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was born May 22, 1859 at 11 Picardy Street, Edinburgh. Doyle went to Edinburgh University where he gained a medical degree and qualified as a doctor.

At Edinburgh he was taught by Dr Joseph Bell whose mastery of educative logic helped to inspire Sherlock Holmes. It was claimed that sometimes he could diagnose a patient's problems purely by looking at him or her.

In 1887 his novel A Study in Scarlet appeared in Beeton's Christmas Annual, and introduced readers to Sherlock Holmes. An unsuccessful doctor, when he wrote A Study in Scarlet, Doyle sold  the copyright for £25.

One of Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories, A Scandal in Bohemia, was published in the seventh edition of a new magazine, The Strand, in 1891. It  popularized the genre and made Doyle well known in USA and Europe.

Illustration of A Scandal in Bohemia, which appeared in The Strand Magazine


Doyle disliked his fictional detective, referring to him as "this monstrous growth from what was a comparatively small seed" and killed him off by pushing him down a mountainside. He resurrected him in The Return of Sherlock Holmes, before Moriaty killed him off for good.


Today is the anniversary of Charles Lindbergh completing the world's first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean.

Lindbergh with the Spirit of St. Louis – 1927

The $25,000 Orteig Prize was designated as an award to the pilot of the first successful nonstop flight made in either direction between New York City and Paris. It was first offered by the French-born New York hotelier (Lafayette Hotel) Raymond Orteig on May 19, 1919.

The still boyish-looking Lindberg was a relative latecomer to the race, and his efforts were being financed only by a single $15,000 bank loan, a $1,000 donation from his employer as an Air Mail pilot, and his own modest savings. He had never been abroad before.

The fabric-covered, single-seat, single-engine high-wing monoplane Spirit of St. Louis had a specially large fuel tank built onto its nose , so that Lindbergh wouldn't be crushed in a crash. This meant that he had to sit on a wicker basket to save weight.

Lindbergh took off from Roosevelt Field on his successful attempt in at 7.50 am on May 20, 1927. Over the next 33.5 hours, Lindbergh and the Spirit—which he referred to as "WE"—faced many challenges, including skimming over both storm clouds at 10,000 ft (3,000 m) and wave tops at as low at 10 ft (3.0 m), fighting icing and. flying blind through fog for several hours.

When Lindbergh landed at Le Bourget Airport at 10:22 pm (22:22) on May 21, 1927, his first words on French soil were "well, I made it".


The feat made Lindbergh the most famous person in the world, the first global celebrity and the prototype of the All American hero. Lindbergh was selected as the first Time magazine "Man of the Year" (now "Person of the Year)", appearing in its cover on January 2, 1928.


World Bee Day is celebrated on May 20 in order to acknowledge the role of bees and other pollinators for the ecosystem, The date was chosen as it is the birthday of Anton Janša, the pioneer of beekeeping, who was born in 1734.


Bees deposit a small positive electric charge on each flower they visit. They also possess "Electroreception" which allows them to detect the presence of electric fields on flowers. They use this information to extablish a flower has been recently visited by another bee and therefore has less nectar.

Honeybees, despite having the brain size of a sesame seed, can count up to four and can understand the concept of zero.

Honey bees must gather nectar from two million flowers to make one pound of honey. A single bee would therefore have to fly around 90,000 miles (144,800 kms) to make one pound of honey. The average honey bee will actually make only one twelfth of a teaspoon of honey in its lifetime.

Bees’s wings flap 11,400 a minute, creating their buzz.


The first fax was sent on May 19, 1924.

A fax machine from the late 1990s

A device built by the Scottish clockmaker Alexander Bain in 1843, which comprised a pen attached to a pendulum kept in motion by electromagnetic impulses, is remarkably similar in principle to the modern fax machine.

Italian physicist Giovanni Caselli invented The Pantelegraph, which he used for the first commercial telefax service between Paris and Lyons in 1865, some 11 years before the invention of telephones.

The 1888 invention of the telautograph by Elisha Grey marked a further development in fax technology, allowing users to send signatures over long distances, thus allowing the verification of identification or ownership over long distances.

On May 19, 1924, scientists of the AT&T Corporation "by a new process of transmitting pictures by electricity" sent 15 photographs by telephone from Cleveland to New York City, such photos suitable for newspaper reproduction.


Today is International Museum Day. The day, held annually on or around May 18, is coordinated by the International Council of Museums. The idea behind IMD is to raise awareness about the fact that, “Museums are an important means of cultural exchange, enrichment of cultures and development of mutual understanding, cooperation and peace among peoples.”

The picture below shows people visiting the Pushkin Fine Arts Museum on International Museum Day

By RIA Novosti archive, image #667778 / Petr Chernov

We get the word ‘museum’ from the Ancient Greeks, who built Musaeums, places holy to the goddesses of art and science, the Muses.

With over 14 million annual visitors, the Palace Museum in Beijing is the most visited Museum in the world. Housed in the Forbidden City, its extensive collection of artwork and artifacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties.

The Umbrella Covers Museum in Peaks Island, Maine, has more than 1,300 umbrella covers.


Italian painter Sandro Botticelli died on this day in 1519.

Self-portrait of Botticelli, in his Adoration of the Magi (1475)

Sandro Botticelli was an Italian painter of the Early Renaissance. He is best known for his treatments of mythological subjects, notably Primavera (Spring) and Birth of Venus, both in the Uffizi.

Botticelli never married and is believed to have had an unrequited love for a married woman Simonetta Vespucci, who was part of Amerigo Vespucci's family. (America was named after Amerigo Vespucci.) She served as the model for his Birth of Venus and recurs throughout his paintings

In Botticelli's later years was much influenced by the teaching of Girolamo Savonarola, who in 1497 organized a “bonfire of the vanities” at the carnival celebration before Lent, in which Florentine luxury goods, works of art, pornographic books and gambling equipment were publicly burnt. Botticelli himself destroyed some of his earlier mythological paintings, feeling that when they were painted, he was unduly influenced by the worldly spirit of the age.

Sandro Botticelli died on May 17, 1519, a lonely man having done little or no more painting in the last ten years. He was buried next to his adored Simonetta Vespucci. It was not until over 350 years after his death that the world recognized his importance in art.


The first Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences honored the best films of 1927 and 1928 and took place on May 16, 1929, at a private dinner held at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in Los Angeles. AMPAS president Douglas Fairbanks hosted the show.

The first Academy Awards at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel.

The first winner of the Academy Award for Best Picture, and the only silent film to achieve that honor, was the 1927 movie, Wings.

Only 12 awards were given out at the first Oscars, and the entire ceremony lasted just 15 minutes.

The 270 guests at the first Academy Awards ceremony knew who had won three months in advance but still paid $5 a ticket for their seats.


Brothers Dick and Maurice McDonald opened their first restaurant on May 15, 1940. The tiny street corner eatery was located at 1398 North E Street at West 14th Street in San Bernardino, Los Angeles, California).

The eatery was originally a barbecue drive-in, but the McDonald brothers discovered that most of their profits came from hamburgers. In 1948, they closed their restaurant for three months, reopening it in December as a walk-up hamburger stand.

This new venture introduced the "Speedee Service System," establishing the principles of the modern fast-food restaurant. The brothers replaced the trained cooks in their San Bernardino eatery with low-paid teenagers who simply flipped burgers and dunked fries in oil. The menu was reduced to a few items and cutlery and china was discarded. Customers had to queue for their food and eat out of a cardboard carton with their hands. Prices was reduced, people piled in and the fast food restaurant was born.

Downey, California McDonald's By Photo by Bryan Hong (Brybry26) - Wikipedia 

American Ray Kroc, a mixer salesman, recognized the idea's potential and partnered with the brothers. Kroc opened his first McDonald's franchise, the ninth overall in Illinois on April 15, 1955, an occasion considered to be the founding of the present corporation. He later bought out the McDonald brothers.


Today is the anniversary of Edward Jenner administering the first smallpox inoculation.

Edward Jenner Advising a Farmer to Vaccinate His Family. Oil painting by an English painter, c. 1910.

Smallpox was a scourge of the eighteenth century, killing in Europe alone sixty million and all but five percent of those who survived suffered facial pockmark scarring.

When Edward Jenner became a Gloucestershire country doctor, among his patients he encountered was a young milkmaid who asserted that she could not contract smallpox because she had already been infected with cowpox as a result of milking cowpox-infected cows. The milkmaid was guided by a local old wives tale that the mild disease of cowpox conferred immunity from smallpox upon humans. After investigating the milkmaid's belief, Jenner found that there were two forms of cowpox and one of them, which was a modified form of smallpox did indeed provide immunity against the disease.

Jenner decided to test his theory. On May 14, 1796 he took some pus from a cowpox blister on the fingers of a farmer's daughter, Sarah Nelmes. He scratched it with a lancet into the skin of the left arm of eight-year-old James Phipps, the son of Jenner's gardener, who at first showed signs of a light fever but quickly recovered.  Two months later he exposed the child to smallpox, but the boy did not get the disease.

In 1798 Jenner published a paper explaining his work. He named the process in which he used the cowpox sore, vaccination, which came from the Latin vaccinus, meaning "from cows." The medical authorities scoffed at his theory so Jenner went to London to show his findings. However he couldn't find any volunteers willing to submit to vaccination. The demoralized Jenner returned to Gloucestershire and it was only after a successful vaccination by a London doctor that the medical world was persuaded that inoculation worked.


Today is the anniversary of the Roman Pantheon being converted into a Catholic church

Pantheon (Rome) - Front. By Roberta Dragan  Wikipedia

The Pantheon (meaning "Temple of all the gods") is a building in Rome, which was originally commissioned by Roman statesman and architect Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD). It was built as a temple to the gods of Ancient Rome.

The Augustan Pantheon was destroyed along with other buildings in a huge fire in the year 80 AD. The emperor Domitian rebuilt the Pantheon temple, which burnt down again thirty years later.

The emperor Hadrian organized the rebuilding of the Pantheon, reconstructing the accustomed temple façade, with columns and pediment, but attaching it to a drum which was surmounted by the most spectacular dome of antiquity. The present building was completed and dedicated about 126 AD.

On May 13, 609 Pope Boniface IV converted the Roman Pantheon into a Catholic church dedicated to the Virgin Mary and all martyrs. To this day, the Catholic Church holds masses and weddings there.

1,900 years after the Pantheon was built it is still the tallest unreinforced concrete dome in the world at 142ft high. A combination of limestone and volcanic ash inside the concrete mix helped form crystals that prevented the spread of microscopic cracks.


In 1974 The International Council of Nurses chose May 12 as the date to celebrate International Nurses Day each year as it is the anniversary of the birth of Florence Nightingale, the founder of modern nursing. Each year, ICN prepares and distributes the International Nurses' Day Kit. The kit contains educational and public information materials, for use by nurses everywhere

US President Donald Trump signs a proclamation in honor of National Nurses Day in May 2020

Before the foundation of modern nursing, members of religious orders such as nuns and monks often provided nursing-like care. The religious roots of modern nursing remain in evidence today in many countries. One example in the United Kingdom is the use of the honorific "sister" to refer to a senior nurse.

For several centuries in Europe, nursing was regarded as a menial occupation fit only for the lower-classes, because of the unpleasant and disgusting aspects of the work. On October 13, 1836 Theodor Fliedner, the Lutheran pastor of Kaiserswerth near Düsseldorf, established the Deaconess Institute. The scheme led respectable ladies into nursing and produced the world's first trained nurses.

Florence Nightingale laid the foundations of professional nursing during the Crimean War and afterwards with her 1859 publication Notes on Nursing.In 1860 Florence Nightingale set up the first school of nursing connected to a general hospital. The Nightingale Nursing School was founded at St Thomas's Hospital, London and used the founder's Notes On Nursing was the cornerstone of its curriculum.


The HMS Beagle was a 242 ton, 10 gun, 90 ft long ship. The vessel, constructed at a cost of £7,803, was launched on May 11, 1820 from the Woolwich Dockyard on the River Thames.

Beagle during the survey of Tierra del Fuego, painted by Conrad Martens

The Beagle set sail from Plymouth on May 22, 1826 on her first voyage, under the command of Captain Stokes. The mission was to accompany the larger ship HMS Adventure (380 tons) on a hydrographic survey of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego,

It's second voyage was Charles Darwin's famous 1831-36 voyage to the Pacific. Darwin took part in the expedition as a self-financing gentleman naturalist and companion to the captain. The Beagle departed from Devonport on December 27, 1831 with 74 on board.

Charles Darwin wrote his account of his five-year voyage on the Beagle to the Pacific, during which he shared a cabin with Robert Fitzroy, the commander of the Beagle. His account attracted no interest at all. However he was lionized on his return to London from the Beagle as a brilliant geologist.


Today is Mothers Day in the United States and many other countries.
 

Mother's Day was originally conceived by Julia Ward Howe (1819-1910). After the American Civil War, she suggested it as a day dedicated to peace and the honoring of the pacifism of mothers. Howe organized Mother's Day meetings every year in Boston but the idea failed to take off.

In 1907 Anna Jarvis of Grafton, West Virginia decided to commemorate her mother's life by inviting a number of friends to her home and announcing her plans to organize a celebration of mothers. The following year, on May 10, 1908, Anna persuaded her church, Andrews Methodist Church, to hold the first ever official Mother's Day service where her own mother had once taught Sunday school.

The custom caught on and spread rapidly and in 1914 President Woodrow Wilson declared the first national Mother's Day. This tradition is now observed in the United States, Canada and a number of other countries on the second Sunday in May.

Mothering Sunday is a holiday celebrated by Catholic and Protestant Christians in the UK and some other parts of Europe. It falls on the fourth Sunday in Lent, exactly three weeks before Easter.


The completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad took place on May 10, 1869. 

The First Transcontinental Railroad was a monumental project that connected the eastern and western coasts of the United States through a continuous railway line. The construction began in 1863 and involved two major railroad companies: the Central Pacific Railroad, which started building from Sacramento, California, and the Union Pacific Railroad, which began construction from Omaha, Nebraska. The two railroads worked their way towards each other, overcoming numerous challenges such as difficult terrain, harsh weather conditions, and labor shortages. 

On May 10, 1869, the tracks of the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads met at Promontory Summit, Utah Territory. A ceremonial "Golden Spike" was then driven into the ground to mark the completion of the railway line. 

At the ceremony for the driving of the "Last Spike" at Promontory Summit, Utah

This historic achievement had a profound impact on the United States. It revolutionized transportation and communication, facilitating trade and travel between the East and West coasts. The Transcontinental Railroad reduced travel time from several months to just over a week, boosting economic development and opening up new opportunities for settlement and expansion in the western regions of the country. 

The completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad remains an important milestone in American history, symbolizing the country's ambition, engineering prowess, and the spirit of manifest destiny.


Victory Day is a holiday that commemorates the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany in 1945.

The Soviet government announced the victory early on May 9, after the signing ceremony in Berlin. The holiday became a non-labor day in 1965, in certain Soviet republics.

The Russian Federation has officially recognized May 9 as Victory Day since its formation in 1991 and considers it a non-working holiday even if it falls on a weekend (in which case any following Monday will be a non-working holiday.

By RIA Novosti archive, image #908414 / Mikhail Markiv / Wikipedia

Photo above shows veterans during a Victory Day Parade in Kyiv in 2011.

Victory Day observances celebrating the Soviet Union victory over Nazi Germany also take place on May 9 in Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.


Victory in Europe Day, generally known as VE Day (United Kingdom) or V-E Day (US), is celebrated across Western European states on May 8. The day celebrates the formal acceptance by the Allies of World War II of Nazi Germany's unconditional surrender of its armed forces, marking the end of World War II in Europe. 

Celebrations in London on 8 May 1945

 The act of military surrender was first signed at 02:41 on 7 May in SHAEF HQ at Reims. A slightly modified document, considered the definitive German Instrument of Surrender, was signed the following day in Karlshorst, Berlin at 22:43 local time.


Today is the first anniversary of the coronation of Charles III of England

The basic English coronation service was devised by St Dunstan for the coronation of King Edgar in 973.

The first outside broadcast on UK television was the Coronation of George VI in 1937.


At George VI's Coronation, a dean fell down the steps while carrying the crown, causing a minor scandal. Despite these eccentricities, each Coronation remains an essential part of British history, a testament to the majesty and peculiarities of the monarchy.

 A “coronation spoon” has been used at every English coronation since 1349 to anoint the monarch with a secret mixture of oils.

Coronation quiche is a savory pie made with a pastry crust filled with a mixture of spinach, broad beans, and tarragon. The quiche was created by the royal chef, Mark Flanagan, in 2023 in honor of the coronation of King Charles III. The dish is said to be inspired by the king's love of spinach and broad beans, as well as his wife Camilla's love of tarragon.




International No Diet Day (INDD) is celebrated annually on May 6th and was created by Mary Evans Young, who founded "Diet Breakers" in the UK in 1992. The day is designed to raise awareness about the harmful effects of dieting and to promote body acceptance, size diversity, and healthy lifestyle choices. The goal of the day is to encourage people to celebrate their bodies and to embrace a positive body image, regardless of their size or shape. 

INDD is celebrated in many countries around the world with a variety of events, workshops, and discussions aimed at promoting body acceptance and challenging the societal pressure to conform to narrow beauty standards.


Coco Chanel introduced Chanel No 5 on May 5, 1921.



French fashion designer Coco Chanel commissioned Russian-born French perfumer Ernest Beaux to make some perfumes. When presented with small glass vials containing sample scent compositions numbered 1 to 5 and 20 to 24 for her assessment, it was bottle No.5 that was to Chanel's liking and became the chosen formula.

Chanel reportedly told Beaux: “I present my dress collections on May 5, the fifth month of the year, and so we will let this sample number five keep the name. It will bring good luck.”

Chanel introduced the new perfume to some of her friends on the fifth day of the fifth month (May) in 1921. Initially, it was given to good clients for free at her boutique. The fitting rooms in Chanel's boutique were  scented with No. 5 to create an ambiance unmatched by her contemporaries.

Chanel claims that every 30 seconds, somewhere in the world, a bottle of Chanel No 5 is sold


Star Wars Day is an informal commemorative day observed annually on May 4 to celebrate the Star Wars media franchise.



The franchise began with the release on May 25, 1977 of the film Star Wars (later subtitled Episode IV: A New Hope in 1981), which became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon. Star Wars was followed by the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983); these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy.

By the time filming on Return of the Jedi started in 1982, Star Wars was a gigantic pop culture phenomenon. To maintain secrecy, producers claimed to be shooting a horror movie called "Blue Harvest" and even had caps and T-shirts made for the crew.

The world's first organized Star Wars Day was celebrated at a cinema in Toronto, Canada on May 4, 2011. The reason for choosing that particular date was the pun: "May the 4th be with you", in reference to the popular phrase in Star Wars: "May the Force be with you." May 4th has since been embraced by Lucasfilm as an annual celebration of Star Wars.


International Firefighters’ Day is observed each year on May 4th. It is a time where the world’s community can recognize and honor the sacrifices that firefighters make to ensure that their communities and environment are as safe as possible. It is also a day in which current and past firefighters can be thanked for their contributions.


The date was chosen as May 4 is the feast day of St Florian, the patron saint of firefighters. This date is also known as St Florian’s Day worldwide and has been tradition for more than 150 years in Europe.

St Florian was the first known commander of one firefighting squad in the Roman Empire. He lost his life, as well as those of his colleagues, for protecting the same humane ideas which firefighters all over the world share even today.

Early firefighters weren't paid with cash, instead they first grabbed all valuable items out of the victims house or business, then would sell those items or keep them for themselves.


On May 3, 1978, President Jimmy Carter designated "Sun Day" as a day to promote the use of solar energy and other renewable sources of energy in the United States. The goal was to raise awareness about the potential of solar power and to encourage more people to adopt it as a clean and sustainable energy source. Sun Day events were held across the country, including solar fairs, educational programs, and public demonstrations of solar technology. 

Dunayskaya Solar Station. L… | Flickr

Since 1978, the use of solar power has grown significantly in the US and around the world, as more people recognize the importance of transitioning to renewable energy sources.

Sun Day continues to be an important event in the fight for a clean energy future. Each year, millions of people around the world participate in Sun Day events to raise awareness of solar power and its potential to help address climate change.


The King James Bible was published for the first time in London, on May 2, 1611 by printer Robert Barker.

1612, first King James Bible in  quarto size

The newly crowned  King James I of England convened the Hampton Court Conference, which proposed a new English version of The Bible in response to the perceived problems of earlier translations as detected by the Puritan faction of the Church of England. The motion was carried on January 17, 1604, "...that a translation be made of the whole Bible, as consonant as can be to the original Hebrew and Greek; and this to be set out and printed, without any marginal notes..."

On July 22, 1604, King James sent a letter to Archbishop Bancroft asking him to contact all English churchmen requesting that they make donations to his project.

The task of translation was undertaken by 47 scholars. All were members of the Church of England and all except Sir Henry Savile were clergy. The scholars worked in six committees, who began work at the end of 1604.

In the years following its publication in 1611, the Geneva Bible remained by far the most popular English Bible. It was the Geneva translation, not the King James, that was used by William Shakespeare and the early American Puritans.


Today is the National Day of Prayer, which is an annual day of observance held on the first Thursday of May. The day is designated by the United States Congress, when people are asked "to turn to God in prayer and meditation".

Sailors bow their heads in prayer during the National Day of Prayer. May 3, 2007.

In early 1952, during the Korean War, evangelist Billy Graham led a movement for a US National Day of Prayer, On February 3, 1952, he led services for approximately 20,000 on the steps of the Capitol. A couple of months later President Harry S. Truman signed a bill proclaiming a National Day of Prayer to be observed on July 4, 1952.  In 1988, the law was amended by President Ronald Reagan so that the National Day of Prayer would be held on the first Thursday of May. It has been proclaimed each year on that date since.

In 1940 After Hitler’s Nazis invaded France and Belgium, the British Army found itself trapped in northern France standing alone against Germany. King George VI, acting upon the wishes of newspapers and a recommendation from Winston Churchill issued a call to the nation for a National Day of Prayer.  The British Christians flocked to the churches to such an extent that many were unable to get into a packed Westminster Cathedral.

A week later their troops were successfully evacuated helped by a curious decision made by Hitler to hold his troops back and not attack the British army. Also for a time the German air-force was stranded in Belgium, unable to move due to a violent storm whilst the English Channel was “as still as a millpond”.

Many acknowledged the deliverance of the 300,000 soldiers to the fact of the nation being at prayer and a Day of National Thanksgiving was subsequently held. Churchill whilst speaking in the House Of Commons described it in as ‘a miracle of deliverance’ and the consciousness of miraculous deliverance pervaded the camps in which the troops were being housed in England.

Research at Columbia University New York, which was published in the respected Journal of Reproductive Medicine, concluded that women having fertility treatment are twice as likely to become pregnant if people are praying they’ll succeed. The researchers put 219 women undergoing IVF treatment into two groups- with half prayed for without them knowing. 46 % of the prayed-for group became pregnant compared with 22% of the not-prayed-for group.


In many north hemisphere countries May Day, which is on May 1, is celebrated as the beginning of summer. It is a traditional spring holiday in many European cultures. Dancing, singing, and cake are usually part of the festivities.

Children dancing around a maypole as part of a May Day celebration in England By Paul Barnett

Traditional English May Day rites and celebrations include crowning a May Queen and celebrations involving a maypole, around which dancers often circle with ribbons. Historically, Morris dancing has been linked to May Day celebrations

Labor Day is celebrated on a different day in most countries. Many choose May Day as their day to honor working people. Socialists, communists and other like-minded people celebrate it as International Workers' Day.

The Romans named the month of May after Maia, a goddess of growth and fertility.

No US President has ever died during the month of May. James Buchanan narrowly avoided doing so, dying on the morning of June 1, 1868.


International Jazz Day is an International Day declared by UNESCO in 2011 "to highlight jazz and its diplomatic role of uniting people in all corners of the globe." The idea came from jazz pianist and UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador Herbie Hancock. It is celebrated annually on April 30.
 
The King & Carter Jazzing Orchestra 1921

Instruments such as the clarinet, trumpet, and trombone, discarded by army bands after the American Civil War were taken up by the emancipated slaves and, together with such simple 'minstrel' instruments as the banjo, became the basis of a new sound-jazz.

The word “jazz” was originally early 20th century US slang for excitement or energy. In 1913 it started to be used to mean nonsense or babble and it was recorded being used for a form of improvisatory music two years later.

By 1915 New Orleans-style bands were starting to enjoy popularity in Chicago. On May 15, 1915, Tom Brown's Band from Dixieland opened up at Lamb's Café at Clark & Randolph Streets in the Windy City. This band was the first to be popularly referred to as playing "Jazz", or, as it was spelled early on, "Jass.”

The Original Dixieland Jass Band 's February 26, 1917 recording of "Livery Stable Blues" was the first jazz single ever issued. It sold a million copies in 1917 and launched jazz as a national phenomenon. (A Black bandleader, Freddie Keppard, had rejected an offer to record because he though others would copy his style).


International Dance Day is celebrated every year on April 29, the birthday of Jean-Georges Noverre (1727-1810), the creator of modern ballet.

Marie Sallé, classical ballet dancer

The first important dramatic ballet, the Ballet comique de la reine, was produced in 1581 by Catherine de Medici 's director of court festivals, Baltazar de Beaujoyeulx for a wedding celebration at her palace in Paris. It was a five hour spectacle, performed by male courtiers, with ladies of the court forming the corps de ballet and an audience of 10,000.

In 1588 a book crucial in the development of ballet, Orchesographie by Thoinot Arbeau, was published. It set forth the dance steps and rhythms that became the ballet postures and movements in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Prior to Jean-George Noverre, ballet's were large spectacles that focused mainly on elaborate costumes and scenery and not on the physical and emotional expression of the dancers. Between 1758 and 1760 he produced several ballets at Lyon, and published his Lettres sur la danse et les ballets. Noverre's treatise on dancing and theater expressed his aesthetic theories on the production of ballets and his method of teaching ballet.

The 1830s saw the new calf-length white dress and the introduction of dancing on the toes, sur les pointes. The technique of the female dancer was developed, but the role of the male dancer was reduced to that of being her partner.


Today is the anniversary of the commander of The Bounty, Lieutenant William Bligh and 18 sailors being set adrift after a mutiny by the rebel crew.

A 1960 reconstruction of HMS Bounty

The mission for the Bounty was to collect breadfruit from Tahiti in the hope that it could serve as cheap food for slaves in the West Indies.

The ship spent 10 months at sea sailing to Tahiti, where the crew spent a happy five months ashore and collected 1,015 breadfruit plants. Fletcher Christian fell in love with a Tahitian girl named Maimiti and he and the rest of the crew did not want to have to endure another long journey back to England.

The Bounty left Tahiti on April 4, 1789, on the way to Jamaica. On April 28, 1789, near the Friendly Islands, Fletcher Christian led a mutiny casting adrift Captain Bligh and 18 loyal crewmen in a small boat, while Christian and the Bounty went back to Tahiti. Christian and a small group of sailors, 11 Tahitian women, and 6 Tahitian men then went to the remote Pitcairn Island.

Bligh and the 18 sailors were cast adrift enough food and water for about a week. They were also given four cutlasses, a compass, and a quadrant, but no maps.

After being cast adrift, Captain Bligh survived a 47-day journey to Timor.

For more check out my entry for The Mutiny On The Bounty.


Today is Freedom Day, a public holiday celebrated in South Africa each year on April 27.

Nelson Mandela voting in 1994

The term ‘apartheid’ was coined in the late 1930s by the South African Bureau for Racial Affairs (SABRA), which called for a policy of ‘separate development’ of the races. The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948, institutionalizing previous racial segregation.

In 1991, after years of internal dissent and violence and the boycott of South Africa, including the imposition of international trade sanctions by the United Nations (UN) and other organizations, President F W de Klerk repealed the key elements of apartheid legislation.


Famous Weddings that took place on April 26th include:

British textile designer William Morris married Jane Burden in a low-key ceremony held at St Michael's Church, Ship Street, Oxford on April 26, 1859.

Prince Albert, the Duke of York (the future King George VI) married Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon at Westminster Abbey on April 26, 1923.

Wedding of Prince Albert, Duke of York, and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon

On April 26, 1986, the Austrian/American actor Arnold Schwarzenegger married television journalist Maria Shriver, niece of President John F. Kennedy, in Hyannis, Massachusetts.


DNA Day on April 25 commemorates the day in 1953 when James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin and colleagues published papers in the journal Nature on the structure of DNA.

Pencil sketch of double helix by Odile Crick

DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleicacid. It is the molecule that contains the genetic code of organisms.

James Watson announced with Francis Crick to the press in the Eagle pub near Cavendish Laboratory on February 28. 1953 that they had "discovered the secret of life" after they came up with their proposal for the structure of DNA, the chemical that carries the instruction that determines heredity.

The formal announcement took place in Nature on April 25th. In the early 1950s, Watson and Crick were only two of many scientists working on figuring out the structure of DNA.

Francis Crick and James Watson asked Crick's artist wife Odile Crick to draw an illustration of the double helix for their paper on DNA for Nature in 1953. The sketch was reproduced widely in textbooks and scientific articles and has become the symbol for molecular biology.

Watson and Crick shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962 with Maurice Wilkins, who developed the method of X-Ray diffraction that helped in their discovery. They were awarded the Nobel Prize, "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material".

Rosalind Franklin is the unsung hero of DNA research. Her X-ray Crystallography allowed her colleagues Watson and Crick to accurately characterize the double helix. Many believe she should’ve shared in their Nobel prize.

April 25th is also World Malaria Day and World Penguin Day.


Between 1915–16 up to 1.5 million Armenians were massacred or deported by the Turks. These events are traditionally commemorated yearly on April 24th, Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day

Armenia Genocide memorial in Saint Sarkis Cathedral Tehran. By Zhilbert - Persian Wikipedia,

Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day is a public holiday in Armenia and the Republic of Artsakh. It commemorates the deportation of Armenian intellectuals on April 24, 1915 from Constantinople (current Istanbul, Turkey).

Talaat Pasha, mastermind of Armenian Genocide, was assassinated by Armenian revolutionary and genocide survivor Soghomon Tehlirian in 1921. Despite the assassination occurring in broad daylight, and with Soghomon Tehlirian pleading guilty, the assassin was acquitted by reason of temporary insanity. Soghomon Tehlirian is a national hero in Armenia.


Saint George's Day is celebrated on April 23rd, the traditionally accepted date of Saint George's death in 303 AD. St George's Day was a major feast and national holiday in England on a par with Christmas from the early 15th century to the end of the 18th century. Today, St. George's day may be celebrated with anything English. 

Saint George and the Dragon. Oil painting by Raphael (1505–1506)

Little is known about the life of Saint George (d c303) apart from the fact he was a soldier in the Roman army who was martyred for his Christian beliefs at Lydda in Palestine at the beginning of the 4th century.

Many stories have been ascribed to the saint, the best known being the legend of George and the dragon. A pagan town in Libya was being victimized by a dragon (representing the devil), which the inhabitants first attempted to placate by offerings of sheep, and then by the sacrifice of various members of their community. The daughter of the king (representing the church) was chosen by lot and was taken out to await the coming of the monster, but George arrived, killed the dragon, and converted the community to Christianity.

By the 5th century the Christians of Syria and Egypt were consecrating monasteries and churches to him and within a hundred years the same thing was happening in Western Europe.

The cult of Saint George, was originally introduced to the English by the crusaders. In 1222 , the Council of Oxford ordered that the feast of Saint George be celebrated as a national festival. Later in the thirteenth century the popular collection of rather outlandish details concerning the saints, The Golden Legend, which included the story of Saint George, enhanced his reputation even further.

As a result of the success of the war cry "St George for England", King Edward III appointed Saint George as patron saint of England,  replacing Saint Edmund the Martyr, probably in 1348.


Earth Day is celebrated on April 22 every year to honor the Earth, peace and demonstrate support for environmental protection.


San Francisco Mayor Joseph Alioto issued the first-ever Earth Day proclamation on March 21, 1970. Mayor Alioto's action was inspired by John McConnell, a San Francisco publisher and peace activist, who had proposed an international holiday focused on environmental stewardship and preservation.

The first widespread Earth Day Celebration took place a month later on April 22, 1970.  20 million Americans filled parks and took to the streets in a nationwide teach-in and protest about critical environmental issues facing the world.

April 22, 1970 is often cited as the start of the modern environmental movement.


Today is the traditional date of the founding of Rome.

A day in ancient Rome

According to legend, Rome was founded on April 21, 753 BC by twins Romulus and Remus, who were raised by a wolf.

Only with Julius Caesar in the first century BC, did the city of Rome began to grow significantly, especially toward the Campo Marzio, at the north of Capitoline Hill.

Rome was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy.

At its height in the 1st century AD, Ancient Rome had a population of one million people. This was a record in Europe until London matched it in the 19th century.


April 20th is the anniversary the first jar of Nutella leaving the factory.

By Janine from South Korea, United States - nutella for breakfast, 

The tasty chocolate and hazelnut spread Nutella was invented in 1946 by Italian pastry maker Pietro Ferrero. At the time, there was very little chocolate as cocoa was in short supply due to World War II rationing, so Ferrero mixed hazelnuts into the chocolate.

Ferrero sold an initial batch of 300 kilograms (660 lb) of "Pasta Gianduja" in 1946. It was originally a loaf designed to be sliced and placed on bread, but Ferrero started to sell a creamy version as "Supercrema" five years later.

Ferrero's son Michele Ferrero revamped Supercrema with the intention of marketing it throughout Europe. Its composition was modified and it was renamed "Nutella". The first jar of Nutella left the company's Alba factory on April 20, 1964


Patriots' Day is an annual event commemorating the opening battles of the American Revolution at Lexington and Concord in 1775. The holiday was originally celebrated on April 19, the actual anniversary of the battles. Since 1969, it has been observed as a state holiday in Maine and Massachusetts on the third Monday in April.

Acton Minutemen and citizens marching from Acton to Concord on Patriots' Day 2012 By Jrcovert 

The American Revolutionary War was caused by colonial resentment at the attitude of the British that the commercial and industry interests of their North American colonies should be subordinate to those of the mother country.

The silversmith Paul Revere made a midnight ride from Boston to Concord to warn the colonial militia of the approach of British troops on April 18, 1775. As Revere rode through Massachusetts, he shouted "The Regulars are coming out", not "The British are coming", since Massachusetts colonists still considered themselves British citizens at the time. The Battles of Lexington and Concord,  the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War was fought the next day.

The American War for Independence raged on until the 1783 Treaty of Paris, when the victorious colonies formally won their independence from Great Britain.

The most significant celebration of Patriots' Day is the Boston Marathon, which has been run every Patriots' Day since April 19, 1897 to mark the then-recently established holiday, with the race linking the Athenian and American struggles for liberty.


Today is the anniversary of the first appearance of The Simpsons on television.
 
Wikipedia

The Simpsons is an American adult animated sitcom. It is the longest-running scripted prime time TV series in U.S. history, the longest-running US sitcom and the longest-running US animated program.

The Simpsons was created by cartoonist Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. Matt Groening's original plan was to pitch an animated version of his bleak Life in Hell comic strip series, which he wrote from 1977 to 2012. It starred Binky the rabbit, who lives in Los Angeles and hates his life. It also features Mr Simpson, Binky's anthropomorphic dog boss.

However Groening decided against his initial plan at the last moment, and came up instead with a dysfunctional family sitcom while sitting outside producer James L Brooks’s office.

The Simpsons started life as short gags on The Tracy Ullman Show beginning on April 19, 1987. Groening submitted only basic sketches to the animators and assumed that the figures would be cleaned up in production. However, the animators merely re-traced his drawings, which led to the crude appearance of the characters in the initial shorts.

In 1989, a team of production companies adapted The Simpsons into a half-hour prime time entertainment series for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The show made its debut on the Fox television network with the episode Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire on December 17, 1989.

Homer Simpson shares a first name with Groening's father, who was born in Saskatchewan, and Marge's first name comes from Groening's mother Margaret. His real-life sisters are named Lisa and Maggie.


Today is the anniversary of the first book of crossword puzzles appearing on the market.

Crossword

The crossword puzzle was invented by journalist Arthur Wynne and published for the first time in the Sunday edition of the New York World on December 21, 1913.

The new puzzle in the supplement, known as a "word-cross", was welcomed so enthusiastically that it was retained as a weekly feature.

The first book of crossword puzzles was published by Simon & Schuster on April 18, 1924. Its impact was huge. Almost overnight a craze for the new brain-teaser swept America.

Americans became obsessed with crosswords. One man shot his wife after she refused to help him with a clue and another left a suicide in the form of a crossword.


National Bat Appreciation Day occurs annually on April 17th.

Common fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) flying

Bats have been getting a bad press as they serve as natural hosts for coronaviruses, However, bats do good work, they keep pests away and they’re also pollinators, which is why they get their own day.

Bats groom themselves for an hour a day, rubbing their wings with oil from glands on their faces.

According to Scientists, vampire bat saliva is the best known medicine for keeping blood from clotting.

Bats account for one-fifth of the mammal population in the world.


Today is the feast day of Saint Bernadette of Lourdes.

Bernadette Soubirous when a child.

Bernadette Soubirous was a young French girl that had religious visions at Lourdes, France. During 1858 she said she saw the Virgin Mary 18 times near the grotto of Massabielle .

In the ninth visitation the Virgin Mary told Bernadette to drink from the spring that flowed under the rock. A crowd gathered and they witnessed Bernadette dig in the earth and drink from a muddy patch. In the next few days, a spring began to flow from the muddy patch first dug by Bernadette. An old stone mason with a blind eye bathed it in the spring's water and as others also followed her example it was soon reported to have healing properties. The grotto soon became a center of pilgrimage. Many sick people who were dipped in the water of the spring were cured.

Bernadette died at the motherhouse at Nevers of tuberculous on April 16, 1879. Her body was buried and exhumed three separate times in the next 45 years in attempts to verify the incorruptibility of her corpse and therefore her sainthood.

Bernadette was canonized in 1933 by the Catholic Church and her feast day is celebrated on April 16th.

Saint Bernadette's body is today remarkably intact and is on display at the chapel of the Convent of St Gildard at Nevers.


The British passenger liner RMS Titanic sunk in the North Atlantic on April 15, 1912, two hours and forty minutes after hitting an iceberg.

RMS Titanic departing Southampton on 10 April 1912

RMS Titanic was a British luxury passenger liner which was built by Harland and Wolff ship builders, in Belfast, for the White Star Line company. Before she sailed, many people thought it would be almost impossible for ships of this design to sink.

Titanic's maiden voyage began at noon on Wednesday, April 10, 1912 when the liner left Southampton on the south coast of England. It called at Cherbourg in France and Queenstown (now Cobh) in Ireland before heading west to New York.

At 12:50 a.m. EST on April 15, 1912, junior wireless operators at Cape Race, Newfoundland, received a report from the Virginian that they were trying to reach Titanic, but had lost communication. Titanic's last signals at 12:27 a.m. were "blurred and ended abruptly."

There were an estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, and an estimated 1,517 died - only 306 bodies were recovered.

As the Titanic went under, the band played ragtime until the ship's bridge dipped underwater, then the bandmaster led his men in the Episcopal hymn, "Autumn". The male passengers formed up on deck and under the leadership of New York real estate tycoon Colonel John Jacob Astor sung the Welsh hymn "Nearer thy God to Thee".


Celebrated annually on April 14, Dolphin Day is a day dedicated to dolphins, aimed at educating people about dolphins and how they help protect the ocean.


The name 'dolphin' comes from the Ancient Greek delphis meaning "with a womb", because it was first thought to be a fish with a womb. It is now known to be a mammal.

A dolphin named Pelorus Jack regularly guided ships in New Zealand through treacherous waters until his disappearance in 1912.

Due to the specialization of their brain hemispheres, dolphins use their right eye to look at unfamiliar objects and the left eye for familiar ones.

Early in life, each dolphin creates its own unique vocal whistle that gives it an individual identity. Because each whistle is unique, dolphins are able to call to each other by mimicking the whistle of a dolphin they want to communicate with. It's the equivalent of calling each other by name.


National Scrabble Day is celebrated on April 13, the day Scrabble inventor Alfred Mosher Butts was born.


While unemployed during the depression, architect Alfred Mosher Butts created a board game in 1930 that utilized chance and skill. He called Lexiko.

Eight years later Butts came up with Criss Cross Words, a variation on Lexiko. The new game added the 15×15 gameboard and the crossword-style game play.

The first few sets Butts made he sold to family and friends but he made no money out of it.

The game went unnoticed until 1948 when James Brunot, from Connecticut, who was an entrepreneur and passionate games player, saw commercial possibilities. He bought the rights to the game, made some small changes to the rules and gave Butts a royalty on every set sold.

Brunot also changed its name to "Scrabble," a real word meaning "to grope frantically."


The International Day of Human Space Flight is the annual celebration, held on April 12, 1961 of the anniversary of the first human space flight by Yuri Gagarin. In the Soviet Union, 12 April was commemorated as Cosmonautics Day since 1963, and is still observed in Russia and some former Soviet states.

Gagarin was 27 when he made a 108-minute orbital flight in his Vostok 1 spacecraft. His flight was a triumph for the Soviet space program. The announcement on the Soviet radio was made by Yuri Levitan, the same speaker who announced all major events in the Great Patriotic War.

Launch of Vostok 1 Wikipedia

April 12th was established in the Soviet Union as a commemorative day in 1963. The day is still observed in Russia and some former Soviet states. 

The International Day of Human Space Flight was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly on April 7, 2011, a few days before the 50th anniversary of the flight. 

The Space Shuttle Columbia, the first partially reusable orbital spacecraft to fly into space, was launched by the USA on April 12, 1981, the 20th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's flight.


The Treaty of Fontainebleau between Napoleon and representatives of Austria, Russia and Prussia was signed in Paris on April 11, 1814. It ended the War of the Sixth Coalition against Napoleon, and forced him to abdicate unconditionally for the first time

Napoleon's abdication

Following Napoleon's retreat from Russia, the coalition armies led by Tsar Alexander I of Russia and Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg, launched the German campaign. Napoleon assumed command against them in Germany and inflicted a series of defeats on the Coalition culminating in the Battle of Dresden in August 1813.

Despite these successes, the numbers continued to mount against Napoleon, and the French army was pinned down by a force twice its size and lost at the Battle of Leipzig between October 16-19. The battle involved about 600,000 soldiers, making it the largest battle before World War I.

After the Battle of Toulouse, which was fought on April 12, 1814 an aide brought the commander of the Allied British-Portuguese and Spanish army, the Duke of Wellington, the news of Napoleon's abdication. The Duke of Wellington - a famously stoic individual - broke into an impromptu flamenco dance, spinning around on his heels and clicking his fingers.

Napoleon was forced to abdicate without conditions. He said: "There is no personal sacrifice [I am] not willing to make for France." The victors exiled him to the Mediterranean island of Elba.


National Farm Animals Day is celebrated annually on April 10th. It's a day dedicated to recognizing the many contributions farm animals make to our lives.



 A core aspect of National Farm Animals Day is bringing awareness to the humane treatment of farm animals. This includes ensuring they have good living conditions, proper nutrition, and veterinary care.

The day serves as a reminder of how much we rely on farm animals for various products, including:
Food: Meat, milk, eggs, and honey
Clothing: Wool
Labor: Helping with farm work like plowing fields

National Farm Animals Day can also bring light to various issues surrounding farm animals, such as:
Factory farming practices
Animal welfare concerns
Importance of sustainable agriculture.


National Unicorn Day is celebrated every year on April 9 to honor the beautiful one-horned mythical creature.

The unicorn is a mythical animal referred to by classical authors. It was said to be like a horse but with one straight horn.

Pixiebay

According to legend, the unicorn is the strongest of all animals and can defeat an elephant but is humbled by a virgin maiden.


The American Civil War ended on April 9, 1865, when Confederate General Robert Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox.

 Union Army general Ulysses S. Grant accepting Confederate general Robert E. Lee's surrender in 1865.

The American Civil War was, fought between the southern or Confederate States in the United States and the northern or Federal States between 1861-65. The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over slavery; the Confederate states wished to maintain their 'state rights' regarding the institution of slavery.

When Robert E Lee and the Confederate army surrendered, the Union soldiers silently saluted them. Normally victorious armies would taunt or mock defeated ones, but Union Brig. Gen. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain respected the Confederates too much and ordered that they be treated well.

The Confederacy was defeated at the total cost of the death of 620,000 Union and Confederate soldiers.

Roughly 2% of the U.S. population, an estimated 620,000 men, died serving in the American Civil War. As a percentage of today's population the toll would have risen as high as six million.


April 8 was officially declared International Romani Day in 1990 in Serock, Poland, the site of the fourth World Romani Congress of the International Romani Union, in honor of the first major international meeting of Romani representatives, April 7-12, 1971 in Chelsfield near London.

A Romani wagon in Germany in 1935. By Bundesarchiv, Wikipedia

Romani or Gypsies are nomadic people of low-caste Indian origin, who migrated to Persia. They moved onto Europe, reaching Germany and France in the 15th century.

The name gypsy derives from the original mistaken belief that they came from Egypt. They were called Egyptians, which became corrupted to Gyptians and so to the present form.

Romani are well known for their folk music. The earliest reference to what are believed to be Gypsies as musicians was used in the mid 11th century in Constantinople.


World Health Day is held each year on April 7th to celebrate the founding of the World Health Organisation on that date in 1948. It's headquarters are in Geneva.

World Health Organization Flag. By United States Mission Geneva 

In 1938 the New Zealand Social Security Act provided a pioneering state medical service. Stimulated by its success the British economist and civil servant William Beveridge published his report proposing a full welfare state for Britain.

The post war UK Labour government took heed of Beveridge's report and on July 5, 1948 they created a public funded healthcare system, the National Health Service as part of their new welfare state. The aim of the founders of the NHS was that the state should care for its citizens "from the cradle to the grave."

President Lyndon B. Johnson signed Medicare, a health insurance program for elderly Americans, into law on July 30, 1965.

Over 95% of the world’s population has health problems, with over a third having more than five ailments.


Today is the anniversary of the opening of The first modern Olympic Games in Athens.

Opening ceremony in the Panathinaiko Stadium

The first Wenlock Olympian Games, a precursor to the modern Olympics, was centered on the little market town of Much Wenlock in Shropshire, England, in 1850. The Games were founded by Dr William Penny Brookes, who took inspiration from the Ancient Greeks’ sporting contest.

The successful campaign to revive the Olympics was started in France by Baron Pierre de Coubertin in 1890, after attending the Olympian Games of the Wenlock Olympian Society.

On April 6, 1896, in the presence of a crowd of 50,000, the King of Greece declared the first of the new series of Olympic Games open at the Panathenaic Stadium in Athens.

The Games consisted of 43 events. They brought together 14 nations and 241 athletes mostly from Greece, Germany and France.

Winners received a silver medal and a crown of olive branches, with bronze for the runners-up.

On April 6, 1896 an American college student named James Connolly won the triple jump, becoming the first Olympic champion in over 1,500 years.


National Read a Road Map Day is an unofficial holiday celebrated on April 5th. It's a day dedicated to the good old-fashioned paper map, encouraging people to ditch the GPS and rediscover the thrill of navigating with a physical map. 


 Here's a breakdown of the day's significance: 

A Throwback Experience: It's a chance to revisit a time before smartphones and GPS became ubiquitous. It's a reminder of the planning and map-reading skills that were essential for travellers in the past. 

The Adventure of Planning: Reading a physical map can spark a sense of adventure. It allows you to visualize your route, discover interesting stops along the way, and foster a connection with the journey itself. 

Challenging Your Skills: Deciphering road maps can be a fun challenge. It requires critical thinking and spatial reasoning skills that GPS navigation doesn't.


Today is April 4.

Daily flower. By Ntgr - 

It is unclear as to where April got its name. A common theory is that it comes from the Latin word "aperire", meaning "to open", referring to flowers opening in spring. Another theory is that the name could come from Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love.

In Old English the month of April was called Eastermonad.

In Western Christianity, there is a bigger likelihood of Easter falling in April than in March.

In the English language, April is the first of three months in-a-row, along with May and June, that is also a female given name.


Today is the anniversary of the first ever phone call made on a cell phone.

Renactment of Martin Cooper's first mobile call

Martin Cooper of Motorola publicly demonstrated the world's first handheld mobile phone on April 3, 1973. He made a call from a New York City street on a prototype DynaTAC model to a landline phone, which was answered by Joel Engel, the head of research at AT&T's Bell Labs.

The Motorola DynaTAC 8000X was the first portable cellular phone to be commercially released. It received approval from the U.S. FCC on September 21, 1983. It was priced at $3,995 in 1984.

The world's first smartphone, the IBM Simon was released in 1994. The device cost $899, and had only one third party app.

The Motorola StarTAC, the first clamshell/flip mobile phone, was released on January 3, 1996. The StarTAC was among the first mobile phones to gain widespread consumer adoption; approximately 60 million StarTACs were sold.


National Peanut Butter and Jelly Day celebrates on April 2, 2020 the favorite lunchtime sandwich of American children, and many adults.

The first reference to peanut butter being paired with jelly was in 1901. It was in an article by Julia Davis Chandler in the Boston Cooking School Magazine of Culinary Science and Domestic Economics.


The average American child will have eaten over 1500 peanut butter and jelly sandwiches by the time they graduate from high school.

The world's largest peanut butter and jelly sandwich  was assembled in Grand Saline, Texas on November 13, 2010. It was made in Grand Saline, Texas, weighed 1,342 pounds and contained 292 pounds of peanut butter, 340 pounds of grape jelly, and 710 pounds of bread.


Many trace the origins of April Fools' Day back to 1582 when France switched from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian, resulting in the new year starting on January 1st instead of March 25th. “Those who continued to celebrate the end of New Year Week on April 1st were referred to as fools,” according to the Encyclopedia Britannica.

One of the first April Fool pranks occurred in 1698, when the citizens of London were tricked into attending the lion-washing ceremony at the Tower of London, a ceremony that did not actually exist.
The prank was repeated on April 1, 1857 when tickets were offered for "Washing the Lions" at the Tower of London in London.


Astronomer Patrick Moore told BBC listeners on April 1, 1976 that due to a unique planet alignment, we would feel lighter at 9.47am.

As part of an April Fool's Day prank in 1989, a TV news station in Seattle reported that the city's iconic Space Needle had collapsed. So many people called 911 that the lines went down, and medical professionals left from hours away to volunteer in the 'recovery' efforts.

Holy Innocents Day on December 28th commemorates The Massacre of the Innocents, the biblical recount of infanticide by Herod the Great. It is a day for pranks, equivalent to April Fool's Day in many countries including Spain, Hispanic America, and the Philippines. After somebody plays a prank on somebody else, the joker usually cries out, in some regions of Ibero-America: Inocente palomita que te dejaste engañar ("You innocent little dove that let yourself be fooled").


Easter is the yearly festival observed by Christians to commemorate the Resurrection of Jesus Christ.

The name Easter owes its origin from Eastre, the Anglo-Saxon goddess of spring, who symbolized hares and eggs. Only the Venerable Bede mentions her.

Jesus’ crucifixion and resurrection occurred after he went to Jerusalem to celebrate Passover, the Jewish festival commemorating the ancient Israelites’ exodus from slavery in Egypt.

Resurrection of Christ by Hans Rottenhammer

Easter Day falls on the first Sunday after the full moon following the Spring Equinox (the time when the sun crosses the equator and day and night are equal).

Easter Sunday may fall on any date between March 22nd and April 25th.

National Crayon Day is celebrated on March 31 every year. The day is intended to celebrate the creation of crayons as well as the joy of using crayons to color.

4-crayon pack sporting built-in sharpener. CC BY 3.0, $2

The most recognizable scent for adults in the USA was the smell of crayons in the 18th century.

In 1903 a wax crayon was developed in Europe and was first used to mark crates and boxes. Later called Crayola, it made its way in several colors to the USA. where the boxes of eight retailed for five cents on October 23, 1903.

A crayon molder named Emerson Moser helped create 1.4 billion crayons over a 37-year career. On his last day he revealed that he was color blind.

Crayons can be used as candles in case of an emergency. Each crayon can burn up to 30 minutes.


National Doctors' Day is celebrated on March 30 each year to recognize the contributions of physicians to individual lives and communities.



The first Doctors Day was observed in Winder, Georgia on March 30, 1933.  Dr. Charles B. Almond’s wife, Eudora Brown Almond, wanted to have a day to honor physicians.  The date chosen was the anniversary of the first use of general anesthesia in surgery. On March 30, 1842, in Jefferson, Georgia, Dr. Crawford Long used ether to anesthetize a patient, James Venable, and painlessly excised a tumor from his neck.

The first observance included the mailing of cards to the physicians and their wives, and flowers placed on graves of deceased doctors, including Dr. Long.  The red carnation is commonly used as the symbolic flower for National Doctors Day

On February 21, 1991, President George H.W. Bush proclaimed National Doctors Day to honor the Nation’s physicians for their dedication and leadership.


Today is Good Friday. Good Friday is a significant day in the Christian calendar, marking the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and his death at Calvary. It falls on the Friday before Easter Sunday, which commemorates the resurrection of Jesus. Good Friday is observed with solemnity and reverence by Christians worldwide.

The events of Good Friday are recounted in the New Testament of the Bible, particularly in the four Gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. According to Christian tradition, Jesus was betrayed by Judas Iscariot, one of his disciples, and arrested by the religious authorities in Jerusalem. He was then subjected to a series of trials before Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea, who ultimately sentenced him to death by crucifixion.

The crucifixion of Jesus is considered by Christians as the ultimate sacrifice, representing the atonement for humanity's sins. It is believed that Jesus willingly underwent this ordeal to offer redemption and reconciliation between humanity and God.

A Stabat Mater depiction, 1868

Good Friday is observed with various rituals and customs in different Christian denominations. Many churches hold solemn liturgical services, which may include readings of the Gospel accounts of the crucifixion, prayers, hymns, and meditations on the suffering of Christ. Some churches also re-enact the Stations of the Cross, depicting the events leading up to Jesus' crucifixion.

We have called the Friday before Easter Sunday Good Friday since around 1300.

33 AD was the possible year of Jesus’ crucifixion according to the Bible and earthquake research reported in the International Geology Review in 2012.

In the Philippines, some Catholics volunteer to be non-lethally crucified on Good Friday. Sterilized nails are driven through their palms and they are hung on crosses. A carpenter named Ruben Enaje has been crucified over 32 times. Philippines Department of Health advises tetanus shots before crucifixion.


National Vietnam War Veterans Day is a US holiday observed annually on March 29 recognizing veterans who served in the US military during the Vietnam War.

U.S. soldiers searching a village for potential Viet Cong/

The Vietnam War was a war following the division of Indochina under the 1954 Geneva Convention into the separate states of North and South Vietnam.

Within South Vietnam the communist Viet Cong, supported by North Vietnam and China, attempted to seize power. South Vietnam were backed by the USA, who provided military aid from 1964.

Several large-scale invasion attempts by North Vietnam were defeated by indigenous and US forces, but the unpopularity of the war within the USA led to American withdraw from 1973.

2,500,000 US troops went to Vietnam, 58,000 were killed or reported missing, 200,000 wounded, and 100,000 are alleged to have committed suicide; Vietnamese casualties are unknown.


Maundy Thursday, also known as Holy Thursday, is a significant day in the Christian liturgical calendar. It commemorates several key events in the life of Jesus Christ as described in the New Testament of the Bible, particularly in the Gospels.

The Last Supper: Maundy Thursday marks the occasion of the Last Supper, which Jesus shared with his disciples in Jerusalem before his crucifixion. During this meal, Jesus instituted the sacrament of Holy Communion or the Eucharist, where he broke bread and shared wine with his disciples, symbolizing his body and blood.

The Washing of the Feet: Another significant event associated with Maundy Thursday is the washing of the disciples' feet by Jesus. This act of humility and service demonstrated Jesus' love for his followers and set an example of servant leadership.

Maundy ceremony in a Church in Wales parish church By Peter Mackriell - Flickr, 

The Agony in the Garden: After the Last Supper, Jesus went to the Garden of Gethsemane to pray, where he experienced great anguish and agony over the events that were about to unfold, including his betrayal and crucifixion. This moment in the garden signifies Jesus' submission to the will of God.

Betrayal and Arrest: Maundy Thursday also marks the betrayal of Jesus by Judas Iscariot, one of his disciples, who identified Jesus to the authorities with a kiss. Following this betrayal, Jesus was arrested by the Roman soldiers and taken into custody.

The term "Maundy" is derived from the Latin word "mandatum," meaning commandment, and refers to Jesus' commandment to his disciples during the Last Supper to love one another as he had loved them (John 13:34). In some Christian traditions, Maundy Thursday is observed with special church services, including the reenactment of the Last Supper, foot washing ceremonies, and the stripping of the altar to symbolize Jesus' impending crucifixion. It is the beginning of the Easter Triduum, which also includes Good Friday and Holy Saturday, leading up to Easter Sunday, the celebration of Jesus' resurrection.


World Theatre Day is celebrated annually on March 27 by International Theatre Institute (ITI) Centres and the international theatre community. It was initiated in 1961 by the ITI

The inside of the Apollo Theater as seen from the stage. David Shankbone

Theatre (British English), or Theater (mostly American English) as we know it began in ancient Greece with a religious ceremony called 'dithyramb' in which a chorus of men dressed in goat skins sung and danced in honor of Dionysus, the god of wine and fertility. The performances were given in semi-circular auditoria cut into hillsides, capable of seating 10,000–20,000 people.

The performance of mime as a dramatic art form originated in Ancient Greece; the name was taken from a single masked dancer called Pantomimus, although performances were not necessarily silent.

The world's largest theatrical wardrobe department is at Walt Disney World, Florida, which houses 1.2 million costumes.

Due to covid-19 outbreak, the ITI conducted the 2021 activities online.


The Independence Day of Bangladesh is a national holiday that takes place ever March 26. It commemorates the country's declaration of independence from Pakistan in the early hours of March 26, 1971 by the leader of the Nation Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.

Bangladesh Indepednce Day celebration By Sajeeb Ahmed Photography

Present-day Bangladesh was formed into the eastern province of Pakistan when India was partitioned 1947.

Substantially different in culture, language, and geography from Western Pakistan, East Pakistan resented their political and military dominance. A movement for political autonomy gained strength as a result of West Pakistan's indifference, when flooding killed 500,000 in East Pakistan in 1970.

The Bangladesh Liberation War began after the Pakistani military junta based in West Pakistan launched Operation Searchlight against the people of East Pakistan on the night of March 25, 1971. It pursued the systematic elimination of nationalist Bengali civilians, students, intelligentsia, religious minorities and armed personnel and resulted in the flight of 10 million East Pakistani refugees to India.

The violent crackdown by the Pakistan Army led to Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declaring East Pakistan's independence as the state of Bangladesh the following day.


Tolkien Reading Day is an annual event, launched by The Tolkien Society in 2003, that takes place on March 25. It has the aim of encouraging the reading of the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, and the use of Tolkien's works in education and library groups.
 
JRR Tolkien

J. R. R. Tolkien was the author of the classic high fantasy works The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. He is popularly identified as the "father" of modern fantasy literature.

The date of of March 25th was chosen as the date on which the Ring was destroyed, completing Frodo's quest and vanquishing Sauron.

As an Oxford professor of Anglo-Saxon, Tolkien was proficient in over a dozen languages. Linguistics played a large role in his literature. He created 11 different tongues for his works, including Elvish, Khuzdul of the Dwarves, and Sauron's Black Speech.

Reading at a rate of one page a minute, it has been calculated that it takes one minute longer to read JRR Tolkien's The Hobbit and Lord Of The Rings than to listen to the Wagner Ring cycle.


Palm Sunday is a Christian holiday that falls on the Sunday before Easter Sunday. It commemorates Jesus Christ's triumphal entry into Jerusalem, as described in the Gospels of the New Testament. The name "Palm Sunday" is derived from the Gospel accounts which mention that crowds of people spread palm branches on the road as Jesus entered the city.

The Gospels tell us Jesus rode into Jerusalem on a donkey while crowds greeted him with shouts of "Hosanna!" and laid palm branches and their cloaks on the ground as a sign of honor and homage. This event is significant in Christian theology as it marks the beginning of Holy Week, the final week of Lent, which culminates in Easter Sunday, celebrating Jesus' resurrection.

In many Christian churches, Palm Sunday is celebrated with special worship services that include the blessing of palm branches and processions, symbolizing the crowds welcoming Jesus into Jerusalem. The Gospel accounts of Jesus' entry into Jerusalem are typically read during these services, and in some traditions, the palm branches blessed during the service are taken home by the faithful as a symbol of spiritual protection and victory.

Palm Sunday in East Timor. By J. F. Guterres, Presidency of East Timor 

The symbolism of Palm Sunday extends beyond the historical event itself and carries profound spiritual significance for Christians. It serves as a reminder of Jesus' role as the Messiah and King, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies, and as a prelude to the events of his crucifixion and resurrection, which are central to Christian faith and doctrine.


World Tuberculosis Day is commemorated annually on March 24 to raise public awareness about the devastating health, social and economic consequences of TB, and to step up efforts to end the global TB epidemic.

A close up of a culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Wikipedia

The lung disease tuberculosis was the scourge of the 18th and 19th centuries in the West wiping out thousands every year. By the middle of the 19th century it was responsible for one in seven of all European deaths. The cause was unknown until on March 24, 1882 German doctor Robert Koch discovered the bacterium causing it.

Eight years later Koch prematurely announced he had developed tuberculin, a cure for tuberculosis. Though it proved ineffective as a vaccine against the disease it did work as a way of finding out whether a patient had experienced tuberculosis.

The Bacillus Calmette–Guerin vaccine against tuberculous is based on a bovine strain of the bacterium. It was developed by Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin in the 1910s and first used on humans in 1921. Today, in countries where tuberculosis is common, one dose of BCG is recommended in healthy babies as close to the time of birth as possible.

The organism that usually causes tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, can travel through the air and spread from one person to the next. This happens when infected people cough, speak, sneeze, or spit.

In 2012, 8.6 million people fell ill with TB, and 1.3 million died from the disease, mostly in low and middle-income countries.


Pakistan Day, also Republic Day, is a national holiday in Pakistan commemorating the Lahore Resolution passed on March 23, 1940 and the adoption of the first constitution of Pakistan during the transition of the Dominion of Pakistan to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on March 23, 1956.

Flag of Pakistan

Choudhry Rahmat Ali published a pamphlet entitled Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever? on January 28, 1933 while a student at Cambridge University's Emmanuel College. It was from Ali's small backstreet house, 3 Humberstone Road, Cambridge that he called for the creation of a Muslim state in northwest India that the young student termed "Pakstan" (without the letter "i").

“Pak” means spiritually pure in Urdu and “Stan” means land. The name coined by Ali was accepted by the Indian Muslims who then thereby adopted it further for the Pakistan Movement seeking independence.

The Muslim League slowly rose to mass popularity in the 1930s thanks to fears of under-representation and neglect of Muslims in politics. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, greatly espoused the two-nation theory and led the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution of 1940, popularly known as the Pakistan Resolution.

As the United Kingdom agreed upon partitioning of the Indian empire of British Raj, the modern state of Pakistan was established on August 14, 1947.

Queen Elizabeth II ended her role as monarch of Pakistan on March 23, 1956, when it became the first country in the world to declare itself an Islamic Repub


Today is World Water Day, an annual UN observance day (22 March) that highlights the importance of freshwater  and how it is linked to climate change. The day is used to advocate for the sustainable management of freshwater resources.


In 1900, the average American used just five gallons (19 litres) of water a day. Only 15 percent of households had flushing toilets, and even fewer had bath tubs. People often had no conception of what it was like to be wet all over. People on farms have to dig wells by hand and carry water to the house. They required 50 gallons (189 litres) of it for one load of laundry.

Between 1900 and 2000, water consumption increased by 600% and, with natural sources of water becoming an increasingly valuable commodity the United Nations was anxious that rivers crossing national boundaries, would soon become a source of conflict.

Some studies suggest that by 2025 more than half the people around the world will not have enough fresh water.

The world's purest fresh water can be found on the southern tip of Chile, in a town called Puerto Williams. The water has been found to have only two chemical parts per million, hence making it the world's cleanest.


nternational Color Day is celebrated each year on March 21 by the International Color Association. Apparently they chose the date to mark the spring equinox, when light and dark are equal, though the equinox usually falls on March 19 or 20.


The human eye can detect more shades of green than any other color.

The color you see in a pitch-black room is "Dark Gray" not black and it is called "Eigengrau".

When asked to name a color, 60% of any sample will name the color “red.”


Today, March 20, 2024, is officially the first day of spring in the Northern Hemisphere and one of only two days a year when the length of night and day are equal.  From March 21st the days are longer than the nights and will be until September 22nd.


We have used the word 'spring' for the season since the 16th century. Before that it was used for centuries to apply to the source of a river.

Before we called it spring the season was known as Lent or Lenten.

Persephone was the Greek goddess of spring. She spent winters as Queen of the Underworld but returned in spring to preside over rebirth.

The earliest known use of the term 'spring-cleaning' was in 1857.


Saint Joseph's Day, also known as the Feast of Saint Joseph, is a Christian celebration that honors Saint Joseph, the husband of the Virgin Mary and the foster father of Jesus Christ. It is observed on March 19th each year in many Christian traditions, including Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy.

Saint Joseph is highly revered in Christian tradition for his role as the earthly guardian and protector of Jesus. He is often depicted as a humble and righteous man who faithfully cared for Mary and Jesus. According to the Bible, Joseph was a carpenter by trade and lived in Nazareth. He is believed to have died before Jesus began his public ministry.

St Joseph with the Infant Jesus By Guido Reni 

The Feast of Saint Joseph is celebrated with special Masses, prayers, processions, and feasting in many parts of the world. In some cultures, particularly in Italy and among Italian communities worldwide, it is a significant holiday marked by various customs and traditions.

One of the traditional foods associated with Saint Joseph's Day is "zeppole" in Italy, which are deep-fried pastries filled with custard or other sweet fillings. Additionally, in some places, it is customary to set up elaborate altars dedicated to Saint Joseph in homes, churches, and public spaces, adorned with flowers, candles, and symbolic items.

In the Roman Catholic tradition, Fathers are celebrated on Saint Joseph's Day, though in certain countries Father's Day has become a secular celebration. Father's Day is celebrated on March 19th in a number of Catholic countries including Italy, Portugal and Spain.


Each year, National Biodiesel Day on March 18th commemorates the birthday of Rudolf Diesel on March 18, 1858.

Diesel's original 1897 engine on display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich, Germany. Photo by Chris Thomas

The name diesel is given to an engine invented by a German named Rudolf Diesel (1858-1913) in the late 19th century.

Rudolph Diesel had the idea to develop an engine which relied on a high compression of the fuel to ignite it. He took his inspiration from watching a lecture where there was a demonstration of a Malaysian fire starting technique called the 'fire piston' which creates flames through air compression.

Diesel first came up with a design for his engine in 1892 and, subsidized by the Krupp company, constructed a ‘rational heat motor’, demonstrating the first compression-ignition engine in 1897. Diesel was granted US Patent No. 608,845 on August 9, 1898, for his engine. He unveiled his engine at the World Fair in 1900.


Saint Patrick's Day takes place on March 17, the feast day of Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland. It is celebrated all over Ireland and elsewhere in the world where Irish people or their descendants live.


The first St. Patrick's Day parade was in Boston (USA), not Ireland. It took place on March 17, 1737, when the Charitable Irish Society of Boston held a St. Patrick's Day celebration.

St Patrick's Day became a public holiday in Ireland in 1903 thanks to an Irish MP James O'Mara. He was also responsible for a law which required pubic houses to close on March 17th to prevent public drunkenness. That law was not repealed until the 1970s.

St Patrick's Day is a holiday in the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, Newfoundland, Labrador and Montserrat.

Over 8 million St. Patrick's Day greeting cards are exchanged in America making today the ninth-largest card selling occasion in the US.


National Panda Day draws attention to one of the world’s unique bears on March 16 every year.

By J. Patrick Fischer - Wikipedia Commons

At the last count in 2015, there were about 1,864 individuals pandas alive in the wild, according to China’s fourth decadal survey.

China retains ownership of all the giant pandas around the world, which are selectively loaned to other countries. The fee for a pair is usually $1 million a year, with funds going toward conservation efforts in China.

Since 2010 pandas born in captivity in China have been looked after by researchers in panda suits to prepare the animals for life in the wild.


Today is World Sleep day. World Sleep Day is held the Friday before Spring Vernal Equinox of each year. It is organized by the World Sleep Day Committee of World Sleep Society (founded by WASM and WSF) and aims to lessen the burden of sleep problems on society through better prevention and management of sleep disorders.

The word “sleep” derives from the Proto-European base *sleb, “to be weak,” and is related to “slack.”

Pixiebay

Ancient peoples actually slept in two periods, sometimes termed “first sleep” and “second sleep,” each lasting four hours with a two hour reprieve in between. Additionally, most people would take a mid-afternoon rest ranging from 30 minutes to 2 hours.

The phrase "sleep tight" originated in Shakespeare's time when mattresses were filled with straw and held up with a rope stretched across the bed frame. If the rope was tight, sleep was comfortable. Hence ......... 'goodnight, sleep tight.

A single seven-to-eight hour sleep pattern like our didn't happen until the Industrial Revolution. With the invention of artificial light, like kerosene lamps and the eventual electric light bulb, the days became much longer and it became customary to continue working into the dark so as to maximize productivity and consequently consolidate rest into one long chunk.<


World Speech Day takes place annually on March 15, celebrating "speeches and speech making through live speaking events across the world".


The four gospels record several of Jesus' speeches The Sermon on the Mount is the longest continuous section of Christ speaking found in the New Testament. A collection of sayings and teachings of Christ found in the Gospel of Matthew it takes place relatively early in the Ministry of Jesus after he has been baptized by John the Baptist and preached in Galilee. It contains many of the basic tenets of the Christian faith including the Lord's Prayer.

Winston Churchill, would spend weeks polishing up particular phrases for his speeches. He would write while on the telephone or propped up in bed, but perhaps Churchill’s favorite location for writing was the bath.

Dr Martin King's "I had a dream" speech was ranked the top American speech of the 20th century in a 1999 poll of scholars of public address.


Pi is a mathematical constant, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, which is commonly approximated as 3.14159.

Pi Day is celebrated around the world on March 14 or 3.14 and officially kicks off at 1:59 pm. When combined the date and time results in 3.14159, the approximate numerical value of pi.

A pi pie

Pi is an irrational number: its decimal value goes on for ever, never stopping or repeating.

If you list the first 360 digits of PI, the last 3 digits will be "360". PI comes from a circle which has 360 degrees.

March 14 may be Pi Day but the ultimate Pi Day was March 14, 1592, or 3.14.1592 as the Americans write it, which has the first seven digits of pi.


National Earmuff Day is celebrated on March 13th recognizing the anniversary of the creation of the protection that keeps our ears warm.


Chester Greenwood of Farmington, Maine patented the earmuff at the age of 15. He grew frustrated at trying to protect his ears from the bitter cold while testing a new pair of ice skates and made two ear-shaped loops from wire. Greenwood then asked his grandmother to sew fur on them.

Greenwood patented an improved earmuff with a steel band which held them in place on March 13, 1877. In the patent document No.188,292,  the invention is described as "Improvement in Ear-Mufflers."

Having patented Greenwood’s Champion Ear Protectors, he established Greenwood’s Ear Protector Factory, which by 1883 was making 50,000 pairs a year.


Girl Scout Day is celebrated annually on March 12th.

Juliette Gordon Low (center), with two Girl Scouts.

Robert Baden-Powell, the founder of Scouting, was faced with an increasing number of girls wishing to take part in his movement. He decided that girls should have their own separate organization, and the Girl Guides were founded by him and his sister Agnes in the UK in 1910.

In 1911 Juliette Gordon Low met Robert Baden-Powell while she was living in the United Kingdom. Inspired by the Girl Guides movement, she established the Girl Scouts of America,. On March 12, 1912 she organized the first Girl Scouts troop meeting of 18 girls in Savannah, Georgia.

Brownies, the junior section of the Guides were established in 1914, they were first called Rosebuds. The name Brownie was adopted in 1918.


World Kidney Day is observed on March 11 annually. The day raises awareness of the increasing burden of kidney diseases worldwide and to strive for kidney health for everyone, everywhere.

Kidney disease is a non-communicable disease (NCD) and currently affects around 850 million people worldwide. One in ten adults has chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Each of our two kidneys is about 4.5 inches long and weighs about five ounces.

By Madhero88 - Own workReferenceshere, CC BY 3.0, $3

The average person's kidneys account for only about half of a percent of their total body weight.

The main functions of the kidneys are blood purification and waste elimination.


National Mario Day celebrates the entire Mario franchise on March 10th. It takes place on March 10th each year, the reason being that this date, written as "Mar10", looks like Mario's name.

Promotional artwork of Mario, as seen in New Super Mario Bros. Wii. Wikipedia

Nintendo's Super Mario, of Super Mario Bros. fame, first appeared in the 1981 arcade game, Donkey Kong. His original name was Jumpman.

Mario Bros was a platform game created by Shigeru Miyamoto, one of the lead developers for the video game Donkey Kong for arcades.

In the game, Mario is portrayed as an Italian-American plumber who, along with his brother Luigi has to defeat enemies that have been coming from the sewers by jumping on them from below and then kicking them, when they are knocked down. It was first released on July 14, 1983.

The first title in the series, Super Mario Bros., released for the Nintendo Entertainment System on September 13, 1985, established gameplay concepts and elements prevalent in nearly every Super Mario game since.

Super Mario Bros was so popular that at the end of 1985, Japan's highest-selling book was a strategy guide on how to beat the game.


On March 9th, National Barbie Day celebrates an iconic doll that premiered on that day in 1959.  March 9th is also used as Barbie's official birthday.

The first Barbie doll. Original uploaded by Barbieologin at Wikimedia Commons

The idea for Barbie came about after Mattel toy partner Ruth Handler watched her daughter, Barbara, cut dolls out of magazines and carefully choose clothes and accessories to clothe them in. All other dolls on the market at the time were baby dolls, but Ruth realised there was enormous potential in a doll with adult features, allowing children to act out their dreams..

Barbie was named by Ruth after her daughter. Her full name is Barbie Millicent Roberts, and she is from Willows, Wisconsin.

Mattel designer Jack Ryan (1926-1991) created the popular image of the Barbie doll. Apart from Barbie's general appearance, Ryan designed both the hinge that enabled her knees and waist to bend and her pull-string voice box.

The Barbie Doll made her debut in a zebra-striped swimsuit at the New York Toy Fair on March 9, 1959. It took toy stores across the US by storm and more than 351,000 dolls were sold that year at $3 (£2.00) each.


International Women's Day is a global day celebrating the social, economic, cultural and political achievements of women. It is celebrated each year on March 8.

1917 International Women's Day - Petrograd.

International Women's Day was launched in Copenhagen, Denmark, by Clara Zetkin, leader of the Women's Office for the Social Democratic Party in Germany on March 19, 1911. It was marked by over a million people in Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland.

In ancient Greece women didn't start counting their age until their wedding day, rather than the actual day they were born. They believed the wedding date was the real start of a woman's life.

Until the late 1400s the word 'girl' just meant a child of either sex. If you had to differentiate between them, male children were referred to as 'knave girls' and females were 'gay girls'.


World Book Day falls on the first Thursday in March - celebrating everything to do with literature and reading. The annual event, celebrated in over 100 countries around the world is led by the charity Unesco, It is largely targeted towards children and aimed at encouraging their love of reading.


It is not until about 425 BC that a book trade developed in Athens, with educated people acquiring papyrus scrolls to read in the privacy of their homes.

Plato, writing in the Phaedrus in about 365 BC, expressed strong disapproval of this new-fangled fashion for reading by oneself.

People in India are the world's biggest readers, spending an average 10.7 hours a week.

Ten books on a shelf can be arranged in 3,628,800 different ways.


National Oreo Cookie Day is recognized across the USA each year on March 6th.

The Oreo sandwich cookie was first developed and produced by the National Biscuit Company (today known as Nabisco) in 1912.

Oreo cookies were first made in a New York bakery. They sold for 30 cents per pound in what is now Chelsea Market.

The first Oreo was sold on March 6, 1912 to a grocer in Hoboken, New Jersey.


The name Oreo was first trademarked a week later. Although the origin of the name "Oreo" is unknown, there are many theories. According to one Oreo executive, the name mimics the two O-shaped cookies that make the sandwich. Others claim the "re" comes from the "cream.


National Cereal Day is celebrated across the USA each year on March 7th.

Advertisement for Kellogg's Toasted Corn Flakes from the July 21, 1910 issue of Life magazine.

Dr James C. Jackson was a follower of the Seventh-day Adventists, who wished to avoid consumption of animal foods. In 1863 Jackson created at the Western Health Reform Institute in Battle Creek, Michigan, the first ready-to-eat breakfast cereal, which he is called “Granula”. Granula is whole grain flour dough baked into dry loaves, broken into chunks and baked again, and then ground into still smaller chunks. But it was far from convenient; it had to be soaked overnight before it was even possible to chew the dense, bran-heavy nuggets.

John Harvey Kellogg , the superintendent of the Battle Creek Sanitarium , developed a new cereal, an improvement on the Granose idea. This new product came about by accident, after some boiled corn was left alone, one of his cooks found it had broken into crispy flakes. He served corn flakes for the first time to his patients at his hospital in Battle Creek, Michigan on March 7, 1896.

The first cereals for the sweet tooted were introduced in 1958, General Mills’ Cocoa Puffs and Kelloggs' Cocoa Krispies.


Today is March 5th. The month of March comes from the Latin “Martius,” named for Mars, the Roman god of war who was also regarded as a guardian of agriculture and an ancestor of the Roman people. His month was the beginning of the season for both farming and warfare.

Colossal statue of Mars (Pyrrhus) - User:Jean-Pol GRANDMONT (2011), Wikipedia Commons

March was the first month of the year until the Gregorian calendar began to be used in 1752.

March was called Hlyda or Lide in Old English, which is a reference to the loud winds.

March is the only month with three consecutive consonants in its name in English


Today is Ash Wednesday


Ash Wednesday is the first day of Lent in Western Christianity. It occurs 46 days before Easter, being the 40 fasting days of Lent plus six Sundays, which are seen as feast days.

The name of Ash Wednesday comes from the practice of placing ashes from palm branches on the heads of Christian worshipers,

Observers have ashes placed on their foreheads in the shape of the cross as the words from Genesis 3:19 are spoken: "You are dust, and to dust you shall return."


Today is the first day of Lent


Lent, the period of abstinence in preparation for Easter, was not observed by the very early church. Lent has been on the church calendar since the first or second century, but has not always occupied the same dates. According to Irenaeus (c. 130-c. 200), cited by Eusebius in his Ecclesiastical History, the lenten fast originally lasted only two or three days.

From the fourth century a time of fasting in the time preceding Easter was maintained.  The extent of fasting varied, for instance Pope Gregory the Great wrote to St Augustine of Canterbury "We abstain from flesh meat, and from all things that come from flesh, such as milk, cheese, and eggs."

The duration of Lent remained variable until the 1091 Synod of Benevento, when the observance of Ash Wednesday as the first day of Lent, became universal.

It was probably adopted to parallel the 40-day fasts of Moses, Elijah, and Jesus, though it may also have reflected the 40 hours Jesus spent in the tomb.


Today is Shrove Tuesday

An English pancake race on Shrove Tuesday By Lestalorm 

Shrove Tuesday is the day before Ash Wednesday, the beginning of Lent in the Christian calendar. It is also known as Mardi Gras and, in England, Pancake Tuesday, for the custom of eating up of rich things before the Lenten fast.

The word ‘shrove’ is the past tense of the verb ‘shrive’, meaning to hear a confession, impose a penance or give absolution. Shrove-tide was a week of confession and merriment before Lent.

Throughout late medieval Europe pancakes had a place among Easter culinary items, especially on Shrove Tuesday. Pancakes were originally invented as a way of using up all the leftover fatty and rich before Lent began on Ash Wednesday.

William Shakespeare uses the simile “as fit as a pancake for Shrove Tuesday” in All’s Well That Ends Well.


Today is Mardi Gras 2024


Mardi Gras Day, New Orleans photo by Infrogmation Wikipedia Commons

Mardi Gras refers to events of the Carnival celebrations, beginning on or after the Christian feasts of the Epiphany (Three King's Day) and culminating on the day before Ash Wednesday.

Mardi Gras is French for "Fat Tuesday", reflecting the practice of the last night of eating richer, fatty foods before the ritual fasting of the Lenten season.

Mardi Gras only became a holiday in 1582, when Pope Gregory XIII placed it on his Gregorian calendar on the day before Ash Wednesday.

The Carnival of Brazil is an annual Brazilian festival held between the Friday afternoon (51 days before Easter) and Ash Wednesday at noon, which marks the beginning of Lent. Carnival is the most famous Brazilian holiday. During this time, Brazil attracts 70% of its tourists.

When Mardi Gras was canceled in 2021 die to the COVID pandemic, New Orleans made their homes into floats instead.


National Anthem Day is every March 3rd, commemorating the day that congress made "The Star-Spangled Banner" their national anthem.

The earliest surviving sheet music of "The Star-Spangled Banner", from 1814.

In a turning point in the War of 1812, the British failed to capture Baltimore. During the battle, lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key witnessed the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor. Key's poem about the event, "Defence of Fort McHenry", which he wrote between September 14-17, 1814, was later set to music and became the United States' national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner."

The Secretary of War, Daniel E. Lamont issued an order in the 1890s that it "be played at every Army post every evening at retreat." and in 1899, the US Navy officially adopted "The Star-Spangled Banner" as its anthem.

In 1916 President Woodrow Wilson issued an executive order making "The Star-Spangled Banner" the US national anthem. The order was confirmed by a congressional resolution on March 3, 1931 which was signed by President Herbert Hoover. Before 1931, the US national anthem was "My Country 'Tis Of Thee."
 
The full version of "The Star Spangled Banner" consists of four verses, but it is very rare to hear any but the first performed.


Saint David's Day is the feast day of Saint David and falls on March 1st each year. The date was declared a national day of celebration within Wales in the 18th century.

Stained glass chapel panel, of St David originally designed by William Burges 

Saint David was a Welsh bishop of Menevia during the 6th century. He was born near the present city of St Davids around 520 AD.

He founded a Celtic monastic community at Glyn Rhosyn (The Vale of Roses) in a remote and inhospitable part of south west Wales on the western headland of Pembrokeshire. St David's Cathedral stands today at the same spot. St David established many other monasteries churches throughout the country.

The date of Saint David's death is believed to be March 1, 589. His last words to the community of monks were: "Be steadfast brothers be ye constant. The yoke which with single mind ye have taken, bear ye to the end; and whatsoever ye have seen with me and heard, keep and fulfill.


Today is February 29, a date that occurs only ever fourth year when its a leap year.  A leap year is a year that, for calendar purposes, contains an extra day, February 29, making it 366 days instead of the usual 365 days. The concept of a leap year is necessary to keep the calendar year synchronized with the astronomical year, which is the time it takes for the Earth to complete its orbit around the sun.

The Earth's orbit around the sun takes approximately 365.2422 days. To account for this fractional part of a day, an extra day is added to the calendar approximately every four years. This additional day compensates for the roughly 0.2422 days that accumulate each year. This system is known as the Gregorian calendar, named after Pope Gregory XIII, who introduced it in October 1582.


Today is National Chili Day. Chilli Day is celebrated on the fourth Thursday in February on the grounds that hot food is most needed in a cold month.


Chilies were brought to Spain from South America in 1493 by Diego Alvarez Chanca, a physician who sailed with Columbus.

Because Chilies are native only to the Americas. India and Thailand didn't have spicy food before Columbus.


Today is International Polar Bear Day.

Because of expected habitat loss caused by climate change, the polar bear is classified as a vulnerable species.

International Polar Bear Day is an annual event organized by Polar Bears International every February 27 to raise awareness about the conservation status of the polar bear.

The latest estimate of the worldwide polar bear population by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature is 22,000 to 31,000, and the current population trend is unknown. Around 70 per cent are found in Canada.


Polar bears fur is made up of a layer of dense underfur and an outer layer of guard hairs, which appear white but are in fact transparent. They reflect light, so they appear white.


Today is National Pistachio Day. The day is observed in the US on February 26 each year.


The pistachio is a small tree originating from Central Asia and the Middle East. 

A pistachio tree can reach up to 10 metres (33 ft) in height, and can produce approximately 50  kilograms (110 lbs) of nuts over a period of two years. 

Pistachios are expensive because the trees take up to 20 years to reach peak production, and are "biennial-bearing", meaning a light harvest every other year.


Today is a national holiday in Estonia marking the anniversary of the Estonian Declaration of Independence in 1918.

The photo below shows the tricolour flags of Estonia on display during the public announcement of the Declaration of Independence of Estonia in Pärnu on February 23, 1918. 


The Estonian Declaration of Independence, also known as the Manifesto to the Peoples of Estonia, was drafted by the Salvation Committee elected by the elders of the Estonian Provincial Assembly. The manifesto was printed and distributed in the capital, Tallinn on February 24, 1918.

The Flag of Estonia was associated with Estonian nationalism and was used as the national flag when the Estonian Declaration of Independence was issued on February 24, 1918. It was raised for the first time on December 12, 1918 atop the Pikk Hermann in Tallinn.

During World War II (1939–1945), Estonia was repeatedly contested and occupied by the Soviet Union and Germany, ultimately being incorporated into the former.

Estonia declared formal independence, reconstituting the pre-1940 state, on the night of August 20, 1991, during the attempted coup by the Soviets.

The National Day or Estonian Independence Day is celebrated each year on February 24th. It celebrates the independence of Estonia from the Russian Empire in 1918; the Soviet period is considered to have been an illegal annexation.


February 23rd is observed around the world as International Dog Biscuit Appreciation Day.


The earliest reference to “dog biscuits” in the Oxford English Dictionary refers to “An advertisement of dog biscuits manufactured by Mr Smith of Maidenhead” in 1823.

The first to market dog biscuits worldwide was James Pratt, an electrical and lightning rod salesman of Ohio around 1860.

One employee at Pratt’s factory in London was Charles Cruft who later founded Cruft’s Dog Show.

The word's largest dog biscuit weighed 279.87 kg (617 lb) and was made by Hampshire Pet Products (USA) in Joplin, Missouri, USA, on July 8, 2011. The biscuit was 19 ft (5.79m) long, 3.8 ft, (1.16 m) wide, and 1.63 in (0.04 m) deep. It required a total of 10 bakers to bake it.


Play Tennis Day is celebrated on February 23 across the US every year. In 1873 Major Walter Wingfield created an outdoor game he called "Sphairistike" but it survives to this day as lawn tennis, from the French "tenez." He came up with the idea after playing with a new kind of ball made from of India rubber which had been designed to bounce on grass.

Drawing of a Lawn Tennis court as originally designed by Major Walter Wingfield in 1874

The retired British cavalryman introduced the game at a Christmas party in the gardens of 17th century Nantclwyd Hall, near Ruthin, Wales in 1873. His game was called sphairistike.

The name 'Sphairistike' was rather poor Greek, being a mangling of the Greek for ‘playing ball' .

Wingfield's game was played on an hour-glass shaped court with a net that was 4ft 8in high. A modern net is 3.5ft at the posts, 3ft in the middle.

Major Walter Wingfield was at heart a salesman and a promoter. The retired army officer drew up a set of rules and, in 1874, patented his 'sphairistrike' game, which mixed elements of racquets, badminton, and court tennis. Between July 1874 and June 1875, 1,050 of his tennis sets were sold.

Walter Wingfield holds a great credit in popularising this game enormously. The world’s oldest tennis tournament, Wimbledon Championships was first played at London in 1877.

(For more check out my entry for Tennis).


National Cook A Sweet Potato Day is celebrated on February 22nd each year.


The sweet potato differs from the Irish potato, which are underground stems known as tubers. It does not belong to the nightshade family, Solanaceae, but both families belong to the same taxonomic order, the Solanales.

Sweet potatoes are thought to have been first domesticated in Central America at least 5,000 years ago. The first Europeans to taste sweet potatoes were members of Christopher Columbus' expedition in 1492. After that, many explorers discovered a wide variety of local names for different cultivars for the sweet potato.

In Argentina, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and Venezuela, the sweet potato is called batata. In Chile, Central America, Mexico, Peru and the Philippines, the sweet potato is known as camote, which comes from the Nahuatl word camot.

Unlike other potatoes, sweet potatoes like long, hot growing seasons. This might explain why they are recognized as the state vegetable of North Carolina, where 1.2 billion pounds a year are produced.


Today is International Mother Language Day.
 
2017 International Mother Language Day celebration in Bangalore By Suyash Dwivedi

International Mother Language Day (IMLD) is a worldwide annual observance held on February 21 to promote awareness of linguistic and cultural diversity and to promote multilingualism. The idea to celebrate International Mother Language Day was the initiative of Bangladesh. In Bangladesh February 21  is the anniversary of the day when Bangladeshis fought for recognition for the Bangla language. Mother Language Day is part of a broader initiative "to promote the preservation and protection of all languages used by peoples of the world" as adopted by the UN General Assembly on May 16, 2007.

The book of Genesis in the Bible  tells us that the emergence of different languages happened in around 4,000 BC. It was God's punishment for man's presumption in building the mighty tower of Babel, in Babylonia which was a monument to their own greatness. He scattered the people all over the Earth and confused their language so they wouldn't understand each other.

A recent Languages Of The World publication lists 7,097 languages spoken on Earth. Around 40 per cent of them are in danger of disappearing..

The ten most spoken languages in the world are Mandarin Chinese, Spanish, English, Hindi, Arabic, Bengali, Russian, Portuguese, Japanese, German and French, in that order.


February 20 is National Cherry Pie Day.

Homemade cherry pie. By Benny Mazur 

Turkey produces more cherries than any other country. The United States comes second.

The cherries from an average cherry tree are enough to make 28 cherry pies.

There is a city in Washington named 'George'. Every year, George, Washington celebrates the 4th of July by baking the world's largest cherry pie.

Serving ice cream on cherry pie was once illegal in Kansas.


The birthday of Batman’s civilian alter ego, billionaire Bruce Wayne is February 19th.

US cartoonist Bob Kane (1915-98) co-created Batman after being asked by his boss to produce a rival to Superman. he said he came up with the Caped Crusader in a single weekend, inspired by Leonardo da Vinci, after coming across one of the artist’s pictures of "a flying machine with huge bat wings" when he was about 12. Kane said: "It looked like a bat man to me."

On March 30, 1939, DC Comics published its second major superhero in Detective Comics #27; he was Batman, one of the most popular comic book superheroes of all time. He made his first appearance under the name "Bat-Man."

Detective Comics #27 (May 1939). The first appearance of Batman. Art by Bob Kane. Wikipedia Commons

Batman’s civilian alter ego, billionaire Bruce Wayne, was named after two historical figures — Robert the Bruce and U.S. War of Independence General ‘Mad Anthony’ Wayne. His birthday is February 19th, the date that Batman's creator Bob Kane first drew him.

Bruce Wayne's clock unlocks the secret door to the Batcave when the hands are set to the time that his parents were murdered, 10:47 P.M.


National Battery Day is observed each year in the US on February 18th. The day serves to appreciate the convenience batteries provide to our everyday lives.
 

The Baghdad Battery is a 2000-year-old clay jar with a stopper made of asphalt. Sticking through the asphalt is an iron rod surrounded by a copper cylinder. When filled with vinegar or other electrolytic solution, the jar produces about 1.1 volts.

The usage of the word "battery" to describe a group electrical devices dates to Benjamin Franklin,
In 1749 Franklin used the term "battery" to describe a set of linked capacitors he used for his experiments with electricity by analogy to a battery of cannon. (He borrowed the term from the military, where a "battery" refers to weapons functioning together.)

For the battery we must thank the frog. In the 1780s, the Italian physicist Luigi Galvani discovered that a dead frog's leg would twitch when he touched it with two pieces of metal. Galvani had created a crude circuit and the phenomenon was taken up by his friend, the aristocratic Professor Alessandro Volta, whose voltaic cells stacked in a Voltaic pile amazed Napoleon. The pile was also the first battery.


Today is National Cabbage day celebrating the delightful garden staple.

Jacques Cartier first brought cabbage to the Americas in 1541–42, and it was probably planted by the early English colonists, despite the lack of written evidence of its existence there until the mid-17th century.

Cabbage heads generally range from 1 to 8 lbs and can be green, purple and white.


Cabbages are prepared in many different ways for eating. They can be pickled for dishes such as sauerkraut, steamed, stewed, sautéed, braised, or eaten raw.

Cabbage is a good source of beta-carotene, vitamin C and fiber.


National Almond Day, which recognizes the versatile and healthful almond is celebrated on February 16th each year.


The origins of the almond go back a long, long way. It’s mentioned in Genesis 43:11 where it is described as “among the best” and nine additional times in the Bible.

Wild almonds are poisonous. The kernel produces deadly cyanide upon mechanical handling, and eating even a few dozen in one sitting can be fatal.

It takes about a gallon (4.5 litres) of water to grow one almond,

California produces over 80 percent of the world's almonds.


Today is National Flag of Canada Day, commonly shortened to Flag Day. The day is observed annually on February 15 to commemorate the inauguration of the flag of Canada on that date in 1965.

The current design of the Flag of Canada was chosen by an act of Parliament on January 28, 1965.

The new red-and-white maple leaf design was officially inaugurated as the flag of Canada on February 15, 1965, replacing the old Canadian Red Ensign banner. There are 11 points on the Canadian flag.

By Photograph taken by Jared Grove (Phobophile)

National Flag of Canada Day is marked by flying the flag, some public ceremonies, and educational programs in schools. It is not a public holiday, 

The Canadian Flag that flies over the Peace Tower of the Canadian Parliament is changed daily. Used flags are given away and any Canadian resident may request one, but the current waiting period is 63 years.


Today is St. Valentine's Day

The Roman Emperor Claudius Gothicus (May 10, 214 – January 270), decided to abolish the institution of marriage for many, as he felt that husbands did not make good soldiers. Claudius tried to enforce the new law with the utmost rigor.  Valentine of Terni, who had become bishop of Interamna, considered such a policy against the spirit of God and of human nature and was secretly marrying Christians. His "crime" was discovered and while on a temporary stay in Rome Bishop Valentine was arrested, imprisoned, and brutally clubbed to death on February 14, 269.
Bishop Valentine had prayed for the restoration of a young girl's sight, and she was cured. Shortly before his death he wrote the girl a farewell message signed "From your Valentine."

St. Valentine's Day was set as February 14th by Pope Gelasius I in 494. He included Saint Valentine among all those "... whose names are justly reverenced among men, but whose acts are known only to God."


In the Middle Ages, young men and women drew names from a bowl to see who their valentines would be. They would wear these names on their sleeves for one week. To wear your heart on your sleeve now means that it is easy for other people to know how you are feeling.

Geoffrey Chaucer, who is more known as the writer of The Canterbury Tales. also wrote other things, such as a 700 line poem in 1382 called the Parliament of Foules, written in honor of the first anniversary of King Richard II of England and Anne of Bohemia's engagement. Chaucer mentioned, in his “Parliament of Foules” a belief that February 14 was the date birds choose their mate. This poem is generally considered to include the first explicit Valentine's Day / love connection.


Since 2012, February 13 has been celebrated by Unesco as World Radio Day. The date was chosen as United Nations Radio was launched on February 13, 1946.

A Fisher 500 AM/FM hi-fi receiver from 1959.

World Radio Day 2020 is around the theme of "Radio and diversity." UNESCO and UN calls on radio stations to uphold diversity, both in their newsroom and on the airwaves.

Radio is the transmission and reception of radio waves. When radio signals are sent out to many receivers at the same time, it is called a broadcast.

In 1906 American inventor Lee de Forest invented the three-element "Audion" (triode) vacuum tube, the first practical amplification device. The tube represented the foundation of the field of electronics, making possible radio broadcasting. The first public radio broadcast took place on January 13, 1910 when De Forest transmitted the voices of Metropolitan Opera stars to several receivers in New York City.

The first transistor radio, the Regency TR-1, was announced on October 18, 1954. Two companies working together, Texas Instruments of Dallas, Texas and Industrial Development Engineering Associates (I.D.E.A.) of Indianapolis, Indiana, were behind its unveiling. The Regency TR-1 was put on sale in November 1954, and was the first practical transistor radio made in any significant numbers.


Red Hand Day, also known as the International Day Against the Use of Child Soldiers, is observed annually on February 12th. It serves as a crucial reminder of the plight of children forced to fight in armed conflicts around the world and calls for an end to this practice.

Established in 2002, Red Hand Day coincides with the entry into force of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. This protocol prohibits the recruitment and use of children under 18 by armed forces and non-state armed groups. 
Image of Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

The red hand symbol, adopted by the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, represents the countless children whose childhoods have been stolen by war. It serves as a powerful visual reminder of their suffering and a call to action to protect them. 

By Paul Schäfer - Flickr: Red Hand Day - Kinder sind keine Soldaten!, 

Despite international efforts, child soldiery remains a significant problem. As of 2022, approximately 250,000 children are estimated to be involved in armed conflicts globally. 

Child soldiers are subjected to various forms of exploitation and abuse, including forced recruitment, physical and psychological violence, sexual exploitation, and denial of education and healthcare.

The experience of being a child soldier has long-lasting negative consequences on their physical and mental health, education, and social development.


According to tradition, Emperor Jimmu founded Japan and established his capital in Yamato on February 11, 660BC. He is said to have been a direct descendant of the sun goddess Amaterasu and the storm god Susanoo. In modern Japan, Jimmu's accession is marked as National Foundation Day on February 11.

Emperor Jimmu

75-80% of Japan's surface is covered in mountains, with over 200 volcanoes. It is home to 10% of the active volcanoes in the world.

The Japanese name for Japan is "Nihon" or "Nippon," which “Land of the Rising Sun.” It was once believed that Japan was the first country to see the sun rise in the East in the morning.

Japan has the highest median age of any country in the world, at 44.


National Umbrella Day is held on February 10th each year around the world. While the origins of the utilitarian holiday remain a mystery, it’s been celebrated since at least 2004.

The umbrella was invented more than 4,000 years ago. Named after the Latin umbra, meaning shade, the umbrella started life in Mesopotamia as a sunshade.

In ancient times, umbrellas were used to denote wealth and rank, with the King of Siam carrying one with multiple tiers each decorated with tassels.

A French merchant debuted Europe's first lightweight folding umbrella in 1710. Jean Marius, whose shop was located near the barrier of Saint-Honoré in Paris, received from King Louis XIV the exclusive right to produce folding umbrellas for five years on January 1, 1710. A model was purchased by the Princess Palatine in 1712, and she enthused about it to her aristocratic friends, making it an essential fashion item for Parisiennes.

Parisians in the rain with umbrellas, by Louis-Léopold Boilly (1803)

The average life span of an umbrella is one-and-a-half years.


Today is National Pizza Day, which is celebrated on February 9th each and every year.



The word ‘pizza’ is over 1000 years old. They were first found in Latin text in Naples, Italy in 997AD. These pizzas were herb and spice covered circles of dough that were cooked in a hot oven. They were served up as a snack or appetizer.

The first pizza restaurant, Antica Pizzeria Port'Alba, opened in Naples in 1830. The oven in which the pizzas at Port 'Alba was cooked was lined with lava from Mount Vesuvius.

Each man, woman and child in America eats an average of 46 slices (23 pounds) of pizza a year

According to Domino's, some of the more popular international toppings are pickled ginger, minced mutton and tofu in India, squid and Mayou Jaga (mayonnaise, potato and bacon) in Japan, and green peas in Brazil.


Today is the anniversary of the first Boy Scout camp and the founding of the Boy Scouts of America.

Charterhouse public schoolboy Robert Baden-Powell had an interest in the outdoors. His first introduction to Scouting skills was through stalking and cooking game while avoiding teachers in the nearby woods, which were strictly out-of-bounds.

After Baden-Powell wrote Scouting for Boys, he held a camp in the summer of 1907 to test ideas for his book. Twenty boys, drawn from Eton and Harrow public schools plus Poole and Bournemouth locals spent the week from August 1 to August 8 camping on Brownsea Island, in Poole Harbor on the south coast of England.

Cover of first part of Scouting For Boys, January 1908

The boys  were organised into patrols (Bulls, Wolves, Curlews and Ravens), wore khaki, used the motto Be Prepared", studied cooking, fire-lighting, wildlife, life-saving and patriotism, and were given tests on knots and tracking. Reveille was at 6am, there was a compulsory siesta and lights out at 9.30pm. The public schoolboys were charged £1, the others 3/6d (17 1/2p).d.

In 1909 Chicago newspaper and magazine publisher William D. Boyce was visiting London, when he found himself lost on a foggy street. He encountered a boy who came to his aid, guiding him to his destination. The boy refused Boyce's tip, explaining that he was a Boy Scout and was merely doing his daily good turn. Boyce's fascination was aroused and he met with staff at the Boy Scouts Headquarters. Upon his return to the US, Boyce incorporated the Boy Scouts of America on February 8, 1910.


Today is Rose Day, a romantic celebration observed in some countries, primarily India, on February 7th. It marks the beginning of a week-long lead-up to Valentine's Day, known as Valentine's week. It's a day dedicated to expressing love, affection, and appreciation for loved ones through the symbolic gesture of gifting roses.


The exact origin of Rose Day is unclear, but it's believed to have emerged in the early 2000s, possibly inspired by the tradition of exchanging flowers on Valentine's Day. It gained popularity in India and other South Asian countries, becoming a significant part of the Valentine's week celebrations.


Today is Waitangi Day, the national day of New Zealand, marks the anniversary of the initial signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, which is regarded as the founding document of the nation. The first Waitangi Day was made a national public holiday in 1974.

The Treaty of Waitangi (Māori: Tiriti o Waitangi) is a treaty first signed on February 6, 1840 by representatives of the British Crown and various Māori chiefs from the North Island of New Zealand. It resulted in the declaration of British sovereignty over New Zealand by Lieutenant Governor William Hobson in May 1840.

The Waitangi sheet from the Treaty of Waitangi.

The Treaty of Waitangi gave Britain control of New Zealand while recognizing the native inhabitants' land rights. However, the English and Maori texts differed, leading to many controversies over its stipulations.

In 1841, Treaty of Waitangi documents, housed in an iron box, narrowly escaped damage when the government offices at Official Bay in Auckland were destroyed by fire. They then were lost for decades, before being found in a damp basement heavily water damaged and chewed by rodents.


Today is World Nutella Day. An American blogger named Sara Rosso founded World Nutella Day on February 5, 2007.

By A. Kniesel - Wikipedia Commons

The tasty chocolate and hazelnut spread Nutella was invented in 1946 by Italian pastry maker Pietro Ferrero. At the time, there was very little chocolate as cocoa was in short supply due to World War II rationing, so Ferrero mixed hazelnuts into the chocolate.

Ferrero sold an initial batch of 300 kilograms (660 lb) of "Pasta Gianduja" in 1946. It was originally a loaf designed to be sliced and placed on bread, but Ferrero started to sell a creamy version as "Supercrema" five years later.

Ferrero's son Michele Ferrero revamped Supercrema with the intention of marketing it throughout Europe. Its composition was modified and it was renamed "Nutella". The first jar of Nutella left the company's Alba factory on April 20, 1964.

Nutella uses 25% of the world's supply of hazelnuts.


February 4 is World Cancer Day, an international day marked to raise awareness of cancer and to encourage its prevention, detection, and treatment.

Each year globally, about 10 million people die from cancer. That’s more than HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis combined.

Below is an engraving with two views of Clara Jacobi, a Dutch woman who had a tumor removed from her neck in 1689.

Wikipedia

We use the word cancer for the  group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth because Hippocrates thought the tumors looked like crabs.

The incidence of cancer among strict Mormons in Utah is only about half that among Americans in general.


Today is February 3. The name of February came from the Latin "februa," a means of cleansing, which referred to the pre-spring purification rituals.

Before Julius Caesar reformed the calendar in 46BC, February was the only month with an even number of days. All the rest had 29 or 31. Odd numbers were seen as luckier.

February 1900 Japanese calendar showing that 1900 was not a leap year

The Anglo-Saxons called February Solmonath meaning month of mud or Kale-monath meaning kale or cabbage month.

The only time a month begins and ends on the same day of the week is February in a leap year.


Groundhog Day is celebrated on February 2 each year. According to tradition, if it is cloudy when a groundhog emerges from its burrow on this day, then spring will come early; if it is sunny, and the groundhog sees his shadow, six more weeks of winter can be expected. 

Groundhogday 2005 Wikipedia Commons

The tradition of Groundhog Day originated from a German tradition on Candlemas, a Christian holiday that fell on the day exactly between the winter solstice and the spring equinox. If the sun came out that day, it was believed winter would continue for six more weeks. A badger or sacred bear was the prognosticator, as opposed to a groundhog.

When Germans started to immigrate to Pennsylvania in the 18th century, they introduced the tradition to America and the groundhog became the prognosticator.

The first official Groundhog Day was celebrated in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania on February 2, 1886. The groundhog, as reported by The Punxsutawney Spirit, did not see his shadow that year.

Attendance has increased since the famous Groundhog Day movie made in 1993 starring Bill Murray. The record year is 1997, with around 35,000 visitors.


National Freedom Day is a United States observance on February 1 honoring the signing by Abraham Lincoln of a joint House and Senate resolution outlawing slavery that later became the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. 

By proclamation in 1862 Abraham Lincoln emancipated all the slaves within reach of his northern armies, thereby interpreting the American Civil War as a crusade against slavery. The picture below shows Abraham Lincoln presenting the first draft of the Emancipation Proclamation to his cabinet.

Painted by Francis Bicknell Carpenter in 1864.

President Lincoln signed the Amendment outlawing slavery on February 1, 1865. The amendment was passed by the required three-quarters of the states, and became law on December 6, 1865.

From 1526 to 1867, some 12.5 million slaves were shipped from Africa to the Americas with only about 10.7 million surviving the journey.

Mississippi became the last US State to ratify the 13th Amendment of the US Constitution (abolition of Slavery), passed in 1865 on March 16, 1995. It was later discovered the state authorities failed to complete the proper documentation to officially carry this through until 2013.


National Hot Chocolate Day is observed annually on January 31. The day fittingly takes place in winter, as the drink is often associated with cold weather.

The Maya people who lived in Central America from around 300-900 AD were fond of liquid chocolate drinks with a foamy, frothy top but the consumption of chocolate was mainly restricted to the society's elite. The drink was made by mixing the roasted, crushed cocoa beans and ground maize with a little water.

A Maya lord forbids an individual from touching a container of chocolate.

The Spaniards in the New World changed the way chocolate was prepared. They were put off by the drink's black, gloomy appearance, and found its taste far too bitter and spicy. So, the Spanish added cane sugar as a sweetener, and flavorings such as vanilla, or more mild spices such as cinnamon and black pepper as opposed to chillies. A foam was created with the “molinillo”, a wooden whisk-like tool that was twirled between the palms of the hands to mix the chocolate.

Cortez took the drink to Spain where it served as a luxurious beverage to only the highest social classes: royalty, military, long-distance traders, and Catholic clergy.

London's first chocolate house, The Coffee Mill and Tobacco Roll, in Gracechurch Street opened in 1657. The owner, an imaginative Frenchman, advertised it as a drink which “cures and preserves the body of many diseases.” Costing 10 to 15 shillings per pound, chocolate was considered a beverage for the elite class.

The addition of milk, much improving chocolate as a drink, was an innovation in the early eighteenth century. Credit goes to Sir Hans Sloane, an Irish botanist, who spent some time in Jamaica in the early 1700s, Sloane was offered a cocoa powder drink by the villagers and thought it tasted foul, so he mixed it with milk instead and brought it back to England where it was sold as medicine.

When you tap your spoon on the bottom of a cup of hot chocolate, the pitch of the sound will increase. The phenomenon is known as the “Hot Chocolate Effect”.


National Croissant Day is celebrated on January 30 of every year in the United States.

The Moslem Ottoman (Turkish) army was victoriously advancing from the East and had succeeded in conquering a vast expanse of territory in South East Europe. By 1686 they had reached the outskirts of Budapest. To reach the center of city, the Turks dug underground passages. Bakers, working during the night, heard the noise made by the Turks and gave the alarm. The assailants were repulsed and to highlight its defeat, the bakers’ produced, as a totally novel line, a roll of flaky pastry made of pounded almonds and sugar shaped in the form of a crescent, which is the emblem of Islam. It enabled the rejoicing Budapest citizens literally to devour with relish the very symbol of their enemy.

Though the Turks were forced to retreat, the edible croissant like crescent advanced further west,  and by 1688 it had reached France.


In France, only Croissants made with 100% butter can be shaped straight – it’s the law.


Kansas Day is a holiday in the United States state of Kansas. It is celebrated annually on January 29 to commemorate the anniversary of the state's 1861 admission to the Union. It was first celebrated in 1877 by schoolchildren in the Paola public school. Today it is celebrated by teachers and students across the state

The name of the state comes from the Kansa Native Americans, whose name comes from a Siouan-language phrase meaning "people of the south wind."

Samuel Seymour's 1819 illustration of a Kansa lodge and dance (see below) is the oldest drawing known to be done in Kansas.


The Kansas–Nebraska Act became law in 1854, establishing the U.S. territories of Nebraska and Kansas, allowing settlers in those territories to determine if they would permit slavery within their boundaries. With the passage of the act, thousands of pro- and anti-slavery supporters flooded Kansas. Violent clashes soon occurred. In one raid Southerners destroyed the Kansas town of Lawrence, killing nearly 200 people. Kansas was called during this period, "Bleeding Kansas".

The abolitionists eventually prevailed and on January 29, 1861, Kansas entered the Union as a free state.


Saint Thomas Aquinas' Feast Day is January 28. He is the Patron Saint of Students and Catholic Schools

Detail from "Triumph of St. Thomas Aquinas over Averroes" by Benozzo Gozzoli (1420–97)

A Dominican friar, theologian and scholastic philosopher, Aquinas wrote extensively. His best-known works are the Summa contra Gentiles (1259–1265), and the unfinished but massively influential Summa Theologiae (1265–1274) . Aquinas aimed to reconcile human reason and Christian faith, and his arguments for the existence of God have exercised theologians and philosophers for many centuries. As a Doctor of the Church he was given the sobriquet, "The Angelic Doctor"  (Doctor Angelicus).

Thomas Aquinas was canonized in 1323 with a Feast Day of 7th March, the date of his death. His remains were placed in the Church of the Jacobins in Toulouse, the mother church of the Dominican order. on January 28, 1369.

The reliquary of Thomas Aquinas By Didier Descouens

Since Saint Thomas Aquinas' March 7 feast day commonly fell within Lent, the 1969 revision of the calendar moved his memorial to January 28, the date of the translation of his relics to the Church of the Jacobins, Toulouse.


January 27 was designated International Holocaust Remembrance Day by the United Nations General Assembly resolution 60/7 on November 1, 2005. It commemorates the genocide that resulted in the deaths of 6 million Jews and 11 million others by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. The date marks January 27, 1945, when the Nazi Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland was liberated by the Red Army.

Jews on selection ramp at Auschwitz, May 1944 By Bundesarchiv, Bild 

The Auschwitz concentration camp was first constructed in German-occupied Poland to hold Polish political prisoners. They began to arrive in May 1940. Despite overseeing the construction of the crematoria and gas chambers at Auschwitz, what specifically shocked SS-Obersturmführer Robert Mulka at the camp was his colleagues' dress sense. 

Under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Hermann Göring ordered SS General Reinhard Heydrich to submit concrete proposals for "the final solution of the Jewish question" on July 31, 1941.

The first mass killings of Jews began at Bełżec extermination camp in occupied Poland on March 17, 1942, the first of the Aktion Reinhard camps to begin operation.

99% of Jewish children in Poland died in the Holocaust. Only 5,000 were left out of a pre-war population of 1 million.


Australia Day is observed annually on January 26, marking the anniversary of the 1788 arrival of the First Fleet at Port Jackson in New South Wales, and the raising of the British flag at Sydney Cove by Arthur Phillip.


Sydney Cove, Port Jackson from a drawing made by Francis Fowkes in 1788.

Captain James Cook first sighted the south-eastern coast of what is now Australia on April 19, 1770. He spent the next few months sailing along and mapping the east coast, which he formally claimed for Great Britain on August 21, 1770, naming it New South Wales.

Isaac Smith was the first European to set foot on eastern Australian soil. Cook told him "Jump out, Isaac" as the ship's boat touched the shore at Botany Bay, which is 8 miles (13 km) south of the modern Sydney central business district.

In May 1787 a fleet of 11 ships carrying 736 convicts was sent by the British Admiralty from England to New Holland. Under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip, the fleet sought to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay on the coast of New South Wales, which had been explored and claimed by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770. 

Governor Arthur Phillip anchored at Botany Bay between January 18 and 20, 1788. The land was quickly ruled unsuitable for settlement as there was insufficient fresh water. Phillip also believed the swampy foreshores would render any colony unhealthy so he decided to sail north.

On January 26, 1788 the British First Fleet, led by Governor Arthur Phillip in HM Armed Tender Supply, sailed into Port Jackson (Sydney Harbor) to establish Sydney, the first permanent European settlement on the Australian continent. The event is commemorated as Australia Day.


Today is World Leprosy Day. Leprosy is a long-term infection by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis.

Leprosy doesn't cause body parts to be damaged or fall off. Instead, the disease damages one's ability to feel pain, causing common accidents to become more damaging.

In medieval Europe leprosy was a major problem and many leper colonies were built. The unfortunate lepers were provided small huts to live in and a high wall separated them from the community.

Two lepers denied entrance to town, 14th century 

World Leprosy Day takes place each year on the last Sunday in January. This date was chosen by French humanitarian Raoul Follereau as a tribute to the life of Mahatma Gandhi who had compassion for people afflicted with leprosy and who died in late January. The day aims to raise awareness globally of a disease many believe to be extinct, when in fact around 210,000 new cases are diagnosed each year.


Burns Night is celebrated on January 25th, with Burns suppers around the world honoring the life and poetry of the poet Robert Burns, the author of many Scots poems. 

A traditional Burns Supper By Connor Beaton

The first Burns supper in The Mother Club in Greenock was held on what was thought to be his birthday on January 29, 1802; in 1803 it was discovered from the Ayr parish records that the correct date was January 25, 1759.

With Burns suppers being held worldwide, the day is more widely observed in Scotland than the official national day, St. Andrew's Day.

Robert Burns is very popular in Russia. His works have been translated more into Russian than all the other languages put together.


On January 24, Americans celebrate Beer Can Appreciation Day in remembrance of the historic day beer was first sold in cans.



On January 24, 1935, the Gottfried Krueger Brewing Company of New Jersey introduced the first canned beer, Krueger Cream Ale. The new, three-piece steel and tin cans containing this drink had no pull tab; they were opened by a special kind of tool called a church key.

This new method of packaging beer was an instant success and other breweries quickly followed as they noted that the new cans were more cost effective, easier to handle and took up less space than bottles.

The Felinfoel Brewery in Wales was the first brewery outside the US to sell beer in cans.

Many customers were complaining that the current can coatings were not sufficiently developed and because the beer inside was exposed to the metal, it had a metallic taste. As a consequence Coors Brewing introduced in 1959 the first two-piece aluminium beverage can, which it hoped wouldl not only result in better tasting beer but would be more environmentally friendly. The company encouraged their customers to return the 7-ounce cans for recycling rather than just disposing of them, as was the case with the steel cans, which were littering the nation’s highways.

In 1963 Ermal “Ernie” Fraze, a Kettering, Ohio tool-maker and founder of the Dayton Reliable Tool Company, invented the pop-top can by weakening a section of metal at the top of a can. With a rivet to hold it in place, it could be torn open easily. He was inspired to develop a self-opening can after being forced to force open a drinks can on a car bumper at a family picnic because no one had brought along a can opener. The Alcoa and Pittsburgh Brewing Company was the first to use these easy opening pull-ring tabs.


In the US there is a Pie special interest group – the American Pie Council. Sponsored by the American Pie Council, National Pie Day is celebrated each year in the US on January 23.

Pixabay

Around 2,500 BC, the Ancient Egyptians are known to have eaten pies made with ground oats or wheat wrapped around a filling of honey or figs.

Game or mutton pie was popular in late medieval England. These pies topped with rich aspic jelly and other sweet spices were cooked for hours in a slow oven. The eating of "hote pies" is mentioned in William Longland's late 14th century poem, Piers Plowman.

The Pilgrim fathers and early settlers brought their pie recipes with them to America, adapting to the ingredients and techniques available to them in the New World. Their first pies were based on berries and fruits pointed out to them by the Native North Americans.

Cream filled or topped pies are favorite props for slapstick humor. Throwing a pie in a person's face has been a staple of film comedy since Ben Turpin received one in Mr. Flip in 1909. Laurel and Hardy’s The Battle of the Century ends with a pie fight in which over 3,000 baked goods are flung.


The pivotal Supreme Court rulings in America, namely Roe v. Wade and the less prominent Doe v. Bolton, both delivered on January 22, 1973, marked a watershed moment by nullifying state laws that restricted abortion. This decision legalized abortions within the first six months of pregnancy, reshaping the country's political landscape and sparking a deep divide between pro-choice and pro-life factions. Grassroots movements on both sides gained momentum.

In the image below, Rep. Albert Wynn (left) and Gloria Feldt (right), President of the Planned Parenthood Federation of America, are seen rallying on the Supreme Court steps in support of the pro-choice movement on the anniversary of Roe v. Wade.


Six years post the 1973 ruling, the number of abortions in the US doubled to 1.5 million annually, constituting nearly half the number of live births.

"Jane Roe," legally known as Leah McCorvey, the plaintiff in the Roe v. Wade case, underwent a transformation in 1994 when she embraced Christianity and expressed remorse for her role in the Supreme Court decision. McCorvey dedicated the remainder of her life to opposing the societal changes she had contributed to.

In 2021, the state of Mississippi sought to overturn Roe v. Wade through the case of Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organisation, a legal dispute over Mississippi's proposed law prohibiting most abortions after 15 weeks gestation. On June 24, 2022, in a narrow 5–4 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that abortion is not a protected right, overturning both Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey.


Today is Saint Agnes' feast day. According to tradition, Agnes was a beautiful young Roman girl of noble birth. After rejecting many suitors, she was denounced as a Christian and sent to a house of prostitution as her punishment. When a young man ventured to touch her, he lost his sight, but then regained it in answer to her prayers.
 
Saint Agnes by Domenichino 

At the age of 12, St. Agnes was beheaded in Rome on January 21, 304 during the reign of the Roman Emperor Diocletian. Agnes was martyred because she would not worship the goddess Minerva.

Agnes was venerated as a saint at least as early as the time of St Ambrose, based on an existing homily. A church was built over her tomb about 350.

She is the patron saint of girls and chastity. The saint's association with purity and innocence made Agnes a very popular name until the end of the seventeenth century.

In art Agnes is often portrayed with a lamb, a symbol of innocence. On January 21, her traditional feast day, two lambs are blessed at her church in Rome. Their wool is then woven into palliums (bands of white wool), which the pope confers on archbishops as a token of their jurisdiction.

Source Funk & Wagnalls Encyclopedia.

Today is National DJ Day in the US. The first disc jockey was sixteen-year-old student Ray Newby. In 1909, under the supervision of Charles “Doc” Herrold at Herrold College of Engineering and Wireless in San Jose, California, he played the first records  on a small transmitter. This predated the term "disc jockey," which wasn't used until decades later.

In 1935, American radio commentator Walter Winchell invented the term "disc jockey" (the combination of disc, referring to the disc records, and jockey, which is an operator of a machine) .


U.S. disc jockey Alan Freed was the first mainstream radio presenter to play rock ’n’ roll on his shows in the early Fifties.

Originally, the word "disc" in "disc jockey" referred to a radio presenter playing gramophone records. Now "DJ" is used as an all-encompassing term to describe someone who mixes recorded music from any source, including vinyl records, cassettes, CDs, or digital audio files stored on USB stick or laptop

National DJ Day is celebrated annually on January 20 to recognize and celebrate the work of  disc jockeys. This also marks the date that Alan Freed died in 1965.


Today is the anniversary of the inauguration of Joe Biden as the president of the United States. The inauguration is a ceremony to mark the commencement of a new four-year term of the president of the United States.  Since 1937, it has taken place at noon EST on January 20, the first day of the new term.

Since the January 20, 1981 inauguration of Ronald Reagan, the ceremony has been held on a platform on the west front of the United States Capitol facing the National Mall with its iconic Washington Monument and distant Lincoln Memorial.

Barack Obama inauguration, January 20, 2009. By whitehouse.gov 

The first presidential inauguration, that of George Washington, took place on April 30, 1789. All subsequent (regular) inaugurations from 1793 until 1933, were held on March 4, the day of the year on which the federal government began operations under the U.S. Constitution in 1789.

Thomas Jefferson was the first president to be inaugurated in Washington, D.C. Jefferson walked to and from the ceremony, rather than riding in a carriage as George Washington and John Adams did.

The longest inaugural address was delivered by William Henry Harrison -- after delivering the 8,445-word address on a cold day in March 1841, he died a month later of pneumonia.


National Popcorn Day is celebrated on January 19 each year in the US in honor of the sweet or savory, caramelized, buttered or plain snack. The day has been celebrated since at least 1988.



Archaeologists have discovered that people have known about popcorn for thousands of years. Evidence in Peru suggests that popcorn existed as early as 4700 B.C.

The Native Americans Indians popped popcorn in a pottery vessel with heated sand and used it to make popcorn soup, among other things.

By 1675 Colonial housewives were serving popcorn with sugar and cream for breakfast. The corn was popped by means of a cylinder of thin sheet-iron that revolved on an axle in front of the fireplace.

In 1929 as a result of the Great Depression, many people were without work and had no money to buy food. Popcorn at 5 or 10 cents was one of the few luxuries down-and-out families affected by the economic slump could afford. While other businesses failed, the popcorn business thrived.


National Winnie the Pooh Day falls on January 18th, which happens to be the birthday of A.A. Milne, the author who brought Pooh and his friends to life in his charming children's stories. It's a day dedicated to celebrating the adorable honey-loving bear and the world he inhabits.



Winnie the Pooh was actually based on a teddy bear owned by A.A. Milne's son, Christopher Robin.

The Hundred Acre Wood, where Pooh and his friends live, was inspired by Ashdown Forest in Sussex, England.

Winnie the Pooh has been translated into over 50 languages and remains a beloved character for people of all ages around the world.


Anthony or Anthony the Great or Anthony of the Desert was a Christian monk from Egypt, who is known as the Father of All Monks. His feast day is celebrated on January 17 among the Orthodox and Catholic churches.

Painting of Saint Anthony by Piero di Cosimo, c. 1480

Anthony was born in Coma in Lower Egypt in AD 251 to wealthy landowner parents. When he was about 18 years old, his parents died and left him with the care of his unmarried sister. Shortly thereafter, he decided to follow the Evangelical counsel of Jesus which reads, "If you want to be perfect, go, sell what you have and give to the poor, and you will have treasures in heaven."

Anthony gave away some of his family's lands to his neighbors, sold the remaining property, and donated the funds thus raised to the poor, He then left to live an ascetic life,

Anthony wanted to be away in the desert alone with God but after 13 years in the desert he couldn't get away from people so he went to an abandoned tomb. However after a few years later the crowds found him so he decided to go and live in an old Roman fortress where he ate insects but they found them there too. After 20 years of this Anthony finally built a monastery. The Monastery St Andrews still there in Egypt in Oasis in the desert.

Filled with serenity, St Anthony of the Desert ended his existence on January 17, 356, at the age of 105 in a cave on Mount Colzin."


National Religious Freedom Day commemorates the Virginia General Assembly's adoption of Thomas Jefferson's landmark Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom on January 16, 1786.  Religious Freedom Day has been officially proclaimed on January 16 in an annual statement by the President of the United States since 1993.

Thomas Jefferson's grave

Thomas Jefferson was a freethinker, influenced by Rousseau and a champion of religious freedom. Convinced of the need to keep church and state separate, he believed unwaveringly in the freedom of people from government coercion in religious matters. Jefferson refused to issue a Thanksgiving proclamation and gave an injunction that there should be a wall of separation between church and state. "Millions of innocent men, women and children since the introduction of Christianity have been burned, tortured, fined and imprisoned, yet we have not advanced one inch towards uniformity. What has been the effect of coercion? To make one half of the world fools and the other half hypocrites," Jefferson wrote in his Notes on Virginia.

The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom was drafted in 1777 by Thomas Jefferson in the city of Fredericksburg, Virginia. The Virginia General Assembly adopted Thomas Jefferson's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom on January 16, 1786. That statute became the basis for the establishment clause of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution and led to freedom of religion for all Americans.

The Statute for Religious Freedom is one of only three accomplishments Jefferson instructed be put in his epitaph. The inscription on his tombstone, as he stipulated, reads "Here was buried Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of American Independence, of the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom, and father of the University of Virginia."


Between 1955 and his assassination in 1968, Martin Luther King was the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement. He used civil disobedience to combat institutionalized racism, inspired by his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi.

Ronald Reagan signed a bill on November 2, 1983 in the White House designating a federal holiday honoring Martin Luther King, Jr. It is observed on the third Monday of January each year, which is around King's birthday, January 15th. The day was officially observed for the first time in all 50 states on January 17, 2000, when "Human Rights Day" was officially changed to "Martin Luther King Jr. Day" in Utah.

Ronald Reagan and Coretta Scott King at the Martin Luther King Jr. Day signing ceremony.

Martin Luther King Day is celebrated in Japan to teach the importance of electoral politics and non-violent social change.

The Montgomery bus boycott was a landmark in the Black Civil Rights.movement, King's reform movement resulted in the segregation laws of the south being declared unconstitutional and equal voting rights being given to blacks.


National Hat Day is an annual celebration observed in the US on January 15th of every year. Schools, libraries, and museums have observed National Hat Day since 1983.

Pexels

The ancestor of all hats was probably the fillet. This was a band tied around the head to keep the hair in place. It was worn in ancient Babylonia, Egypt, and Greece.

Probably the first real hat was the broad-brimmed petasos of the ancient Greeks. It was worn only for traveling, as a protection against the weather. A chin strap held the petasos on or allowed it to hang down the back when not needed.


The Feast of the Ass was a Christian feast during medieval times (mainly celebrated) in France that celebrated the donkeys in the Bible, in particular the donkey bearing the Holy Family into Egypt after Jesus's birth. A girl and a child on a donkey would be led through town to the church, where the donkey would stand beside the altar during the sermon. It was observed on January 14.


Flight into Egypt

The donkey of Mediterranean lands is thought to be a descendant of the wild ass of Western Asia.

The ass was brought to the New World by the Spanish colonists and is known in Mexico and the southwestern United States by its Spanish name, burro.

Donkeys have incredible memories and can recognize other donkeys they knew as long as 25 years ago.

They can hear another donkey in a desert environment calling up to 60 miles away.


Stephen Foster Memorial Day is a United States Federal Observance Day observed on January 13. It was made law in November of 1966 and was first celebrated in January 1967.

Stephen Foster's first great musical success was "Oh! Susanna" which was first performed in the Eagle Ice Cream Saloon in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on September 11, 1847. It became an anthem of the California Gold Rush.

Stephen Foster

In the late 1840s Foster returned home to concentrate on being a songwriter. He signed a contract with the Christy Minstrels and it was during this period that Foster would write most of his best-known songs such as "Camptown Races" (1850), "Swanee River" ((1851) and "My Old Kentucky Home" (1853).

Foster was the first man to be paid a royalty on sheet music sales and the first American to make a career of writing songs.

Never very astute financially, in 1856 Stephen Foster sold all rights to future songs to his publishers for $1,900. Profits went largely to the publishers and performers. Four years later Foster moved to New York City, but separated from his wife, his fortunes decreased. Impoverished, he died in Bellevue Hospital, New York City on January 13, 1864 of alcoholism and a fall from his bed.

Stephen Foster Memorial Day commemorates the date that "the father of American music" died.


National Marzipan Day is celebrated every year in the United States on January 12th. 

Made primarily of sugar or honey and almond meal (ground almonds), the confectionary has been used in all varieties of sweets and treats. Its dough-like consistency makes it an ideal material to make novelty shapes and figures.

Richard II of England once invited 2,000 of the country's rich barons to dine with him. 200 cooks prepared a menu, for which pudding was a three-foot high marzipan castle.

The first printed cookbook in 1475. In De Honesta Voluptate (On Right Pleasure and Good Health) recorded recipes for all kinds of food. Amongst the many recipes in De Honesta Voluptate were some for making marzipan and other candy. Confectionery regarded at the time to mainly be an pothecary's product, but they were also regarded as a luxury food, packaged in decorative boxes and offered as a gift to royals.

Galileo was fond of good food, for treats his nun daughter Sister Marie makes him marzipan shaped like little fish.


Every year on January 10th, we celebrate National Save the Eagles Day, a day dedicated to these magnificent birds that have become symbols of freedom, power, and resilience in many cultures.

The day reminds us of the crucial role eagles play in their ecosystems, keeping prey populations in check and maintaining ecological balance. It also highlights the threats they face, including habitat loss, pollution, illegal hunting, and even wind turbines. Lastly it educates the public about the amazing adaptations and behaviors of these apex predators, fostering appreciation and understanding.


Bald eagle by Andy Morffew, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org

The Bald Eagle, once on the brink of extinction in the US, is a success story of conservation efforts. Thanks to the banning of DDT and dedicated conservation work, their numbers have rebounded from less than 500 breeding pairs in the 1960s to over 70,000 today. However, threats like habitat loss and lead poisoning still remain.


National Apricot Day is celebrated every year in the United States on January 9th. Apricots have been cultivated in Persia since antiquity, and dried ones were an important commodity on Persian trade routes.

Pixiebay

Apricot trees spread by means of silk dealers from China to Italy and arrived in England in the late 12th century. However the Europeans were suspicious of the apricot fruit as they were thought to cause fever.

Franciscan friars brought apricots into American settlements in the 1800s, and they've thrived ever since.

Apricots are rich in vitamin A and dried apricots are a good dietary source of iron.


Typing Day is held on January 8 every year as one week after New Year is a good time to think through and write down plans for the year.


Currently, the fastest English language typist is writer Barbara Blackburn, who according to The Guinness Book of World Records reached a peak typing speed of 212 wpm during a test in 2005. She had maintained 150 wpm for 50 minutes, and 170 wpm for shorter periods.

The longest "left handed" words on a keyboard are "aftercataracts" and "tesseradecades."

The longest common words that can be typed on the top row of a keyboard are 'proprietor', 'repertoire', 'perpetuity' and 'typewriter' itself.


The Feast of the Baptism of the Lord, also known as Theophany, is a Christian feast day commemorating the baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River by John the Baptist.  It is celebrated in the Catholic Church as well as the Anglican and Lutheran Churches on the Sunday following the Epiphany, which is observed on January 6th.

By Giotto - Giotto di Bondone, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org

This event marks the public manifestation of Jesus as the Messiah and Son of God. The Holy Spirit descended in the form of a dove, and a voice from heaven proclaimed, "This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased." 

Jesus' baptism marked the beginning of his public ministry. He left the obscurity of Nazareth and stepped forward to fulfill his mission of redemption.


The Feast of Epiphany celebrates the revelation of the Christ child to the Gentiles, when the Magi or wise men visited Bethlehem to see Jesus, by following a star. It is recorded in the Gospel of Matthew, chapter 2. The holiday is celebrated by Christians twelve days after Christmas on January 6.

The Magi is a general term for astrologers, seers, and fortune tellers. In their sole appearance in the Gospel of Matthew, they are never named, and hail from "the east."

Matthew does not say there were only three wise men. We assume that they were a trio because of the three gifts that were given: gold, incense, and myrrh.

Adoration of the Magi by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, 17th century

The idea of Twelfth Night dates back to the Council of Tours in 567 where it was decided that the period from Christmas to Epiphany should be celebrated as Christmastide.

Epiphany is also known as Twelfth Day, and Twelfth Night precedes Twelfth Day and begins on the evening of January 5. The Monday after Epiphany is known as Plough Monday.

Epiphany is also known as Theophany in Eastern Orthodox Christian churches. Eastern Christians commemorate on January 6 the baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River, seen as his manifestation to the world as the Son of God. Those Eastern Churches which are still following the Julian calendar observe the feast on January 19.


Simeon Stylites was a Syriac ascetic saint who achieved notability for living 37 years on a small platform on top of a pillar near Aleppo (in modern Syria). His feast day is commemorated on January 5 in the Roman Catholic Church. 

Simeon lived in a solitary manner. He carved himself a virtuous reputation by such saintly acts as going without any food or drink for the entire Lent period, chaining himself to a rock and standing for days at a time in furious prayer.

By the 420s, pillar dwelling had become quite a fad amongst holy men. Simeon made the decision to spend the last part of his life on top of a pillar in Syria. His decision to build himself a nine-foot high column was prompted by the constant interruptions from curious crowds congregating outside the cave where he was residing, who had heard reports of his already extreme self-denying lifestyle. 

Wikipedia

Simeon climbed his pillar in 422 AD and as time went by, he graduated to higher and higher columns until this his final one which was 60ft high. On it was a platform 6-foot wide dressed in the skins of animals, where Simeon ate food sent up to him in a basket by people below. 

In his later years, Simon Stylites was the foremost famous personality in his part of the world. The Emperor Theodocus and Leo 1, the Bishop of Rome, would often consult him and request his prayers and Marcian, another Emperor visited him frequently although in disguise.


Today is World Braille Day, an international day that raises awareness of the importance of Braille for approximately 1.3 billion people living with some form of distance or near vision impairment.

Braille was invented by Louis Braille, a Frenchman who lost his sight at the age of three. At a school for blind boys, Louis came across books whose words consisted of raised letters of the alphabet; the drawback was, they took a long time to decipher. In 1821 an artillery captain, Charles Barbier, visited the school, visited the school, bringing a 12-dot code he'd devised to help Napoleon’s soldiers communicate at night without light. The captain was reluctant to accept suggestions from a boy, so Louis began to experiment at night. Using an awl, he reduced the number of dots from 12 to 6 which, arranged in different positions, represented the letters of the alphabet, thus enabling the blind to both read and write.

The date for the event was chosen by the United Nations General Assembly via a proclamation in November 2018, and marks the birthday of Louis Braille. The first World Braille Day was celebrated on January 4, 2019.

Around the world, 39 million people are blind, and another 253 million have some sort of vision impairment. For them, Braille provides a tactical representation of alphabetic and numerical symbols so blind and partially-sighted people are able to read the same books and periodicals printed as are available in standard text form.


J.R.R. Tolkien Day on January 3 is The Lord of the Rings author’s birthday. Each year at 9pm local time on that date fans honor the legacy of The Professor with a Tolkien birthday toast. (Tolkien’s Birthday – January 3rd 1892).



The celebration comes from the Lord of The Rings story that after Bilbo left the Shire on his eleventy-first birthday, Frodo toasted his uncle's birthday every year. Now, over sixty years after the trilogy’s original publication, The Tolkien Society asks fans from across the world to celebrate the Professor’s birthday with a simple toast-drinking ceremony. All you need to do is stand, raise a glass of your choice of drink (not necessarily alcoholic), and say the words “The Professor” before taking a sip (or swig, if that's more appropriate for your drink).


Today is the second day of January. The Romans named January after Janus, the God of gateways. Janus had two heads so he could look in both directions, back at the old year and forward towards the new year, at the same time.

January is the coldest month in the Northern Hemisphere, and the warmest in the Southern Hemisphere.

Snow in the Northern Hemisphere in the month of January

January and February were the last two months to be added to the Roman calendar, as the Romans originally considered winter a monthless period.

Although March was originally the first month of the Roman calendar, January became the new first month because that was when the Romans chose the new consuls.

The Anglo-Saxons called January "Wulfmonath" as it was the month hungry wolves came scavenging at people's doors.


Happy New Year! It is believed that celebrating the New Year dates back to the ancient Babylonians, who celebrated for eleven days with festivals and other fanfare 4,000 years ago.

The Babylonians also made New Year's Resolutions. They were spoken as oaths to the king—keeping them allowed the kingdom to stay in the gods' favor.

March 25th was the official New Year's Day in the UK and US until they switched to the Gregorian calendar in 1752.

Due to their time zones, Kiribati, an island nation in the Pacific, is the first country to ring in the New Year. Honolulu, Hawaii in the U.S. is among the last.


New Year's Eve, the last day of the year, is on December 31. In many countries, New Year's Eve is celebrated at evening parties, where many people dance, eat, drink, and watch or light fireworks. Some Christians attend a watchnight service.


The first Times Square (then known as Longacre Square) New Year's Eve celebration was held in New York City on December 31, 1904. About 200,000 people celebrated New Year’s Eve with a fireworks display at the 24-story Times Tower.

"Auld Lang Syne" is a song, whose title means literally "old long since" or more idiomatically, "days of long ago". The Scottish poet, Robert Burns, restored the song based on fragments of an old ballad dating from over 150 years before. The American bandleader Guy Lombardo popularized the association of the song with the stroke of midnight on New Year's Eve in the early 1930s.

Over two million people gather annually on Copacabana beach in Rio de Janeiro on the night of December 31, making of it the world's largest New Year's Eve party


Today is the first anniversary of the use of the word "radio" as a standalone word. The first person to theorize the existence of radio waves was the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell. His studies of light led him to the electromagnetic theory and in 1865 he proved that radio waves are possible.

The German scientist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz discovered the use of radio waves in transmitting information in the mid 1880s. However, with an uncharacteristic lack of foresight, while demonstrating electromagnetic waves in 1888, Hertz told his students, "I don't see any useful purpose for this mysterious, invisible electromagnetic energy."

Fortunately, others saw the potential in the technology and by 1890, French physicist Édouard Branley had found a way to convert incoming signals to direct current, an important development in radio reception.

In 1901, Guglielmo Marconi combined the equipment of Hertz and Branley to transmit a radio signal across the Atlantic. Marconi’s pioneering development of long-distance wireless telegraphy has led to him being widely regarded as the inventor of the radio.

British Post Office engineers inspect Marconi's radio equipment 1897. 

The term "radio" is derived from the Latin word "radius", meaning "spoke of a wheel, beam of light, ray". Although Hertz discovered the use of radio waves in transmitting information in 1886, the regular use of "radio" as a standalone word dates back to only December 30, 1904, when instructions issued by the British Post Office for transmitting telegrams specified that "The word 'Radio'... is sent in the Service Instructions." Before that, such transmissions were always referred to as “wireless telegraphy”.


Thomas Becket was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 until his murder in 1170. He is venerated as a saint and martyr by both the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion. His feast day is December 29th.

After being appointed Archbishop of Canterbury by King Henry II, Thomas Becket fell out with the king as the interests of the Roman Catholic medieval church conflicted with those of the crown. Four knights believing their King wanted the Archbishop killed,  assassinated him on December 29, 1170 at Canterbury Cathedral.

Illumination from an English Book of Hours 

Becket's death caused a scandal in all of western Christendom. When the clothes were removed from his dead body, it was discovered that unbeknown to anyone, he was wearing a hairshirt riddled with lice and maggots, the skin on his chest ripped to shred. Becket was immediately a saint and martyr.

Soon after, the faithful throughout Europe began venerating Becket as a martyr, and little more than two years after his death—he was canonized by Pope Alexander III in St Peter's Church in Segni.

In the years following his death many miraculous cures were said to have occurred at Becket's shrine. Indeed 700 miracles were recorded in the decade after his assassination at the crypt.


After hearing news that the anointed King of the Jews had recently been born, King Herod, announced his intention of slaying all children aged two years or younger in the vicinity of Bethlehem, Mary and Joseph, along with the baby Jesus, fled to Egypt to escape the massacre. Holy Innocents Day on December 28th commemorates The Massacre of the Innocents, the biblical recount of Herod the Great's infanticide.

The Massacre of the Innocents at Bethlehem, by Matteo di Giovanni

After Herod's death, Mary and Joseph returned to Palestine. From about the age of 6, Jesus would have received some education from a teacher paid for by the Nazareth synagogue, using used what we now know as the Old Testament as his textbook.

The Church of England, the Lutheran Church and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church commemorates Holy Innocents Day on December 28th. The Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates the feast on December 29.

Holy Innocents Day is a day for pranks, equivalent to April Fool's Day in many countries including Spain, Hispanic America, and the Philippines. After somebody plays a prank on somebody else, the joker usually cries out, in some regions of Ibero-America: Inocente palomita que te dejaste engañar ("You innocent little dove that let yourself be fooled").


Saint Stephen's Day, also called the Feast of Saint Stephen, is a Christian saint's day to commemorate Saint Stephen, the first Christian martyr or protomartyr, celebrated on December 26 in the Latin Church and December 27 in Eastern Christianity.

Saint Stephen was a deacon in the early Church at Jerusalem who aroused the enmity of members of various synagogues by his teachings. Accused of blasphemy at his trial, he made a speech denouncing the Jewish authorities who were sitting in judgment on him and was then stoned to death. His martyrdom in around 34AD was witnessed by Saul of Tarsus, who at the time was the most zealous, rigorous and careful of all Pharisees, one of the strictest Jewish sects. He later become the Christian apostle Paul.

Stoning of Saint Stephen by Giovanni Battista Lucini

Wenceslaus I became the duke of Bohemia in 921. Renowned for his Christian faith, he spent much of his time in acts of piety and prayer. So great was his devotion that he helped sow the corn and gather the grapes from which the bread and wine used at Mass was made.

When Church of England priest and hymn writer John Mason Neale came across a long narrative German poem about Wenceslas, a section in which the king walked out into the snow to rescue a poor swineherd particularly struck him. Neale adapted the poem into English and borrowed the tune to go with it from "Tempus Adest Floridum", a 13th century spring carol. "Good King Wenceslas" was included in a 1853 publication Carols for Christmas-tide, by Neale and the Rev. Thomas Helmore (vice-Principal of St. Mark's College, Chelsea). It is now sung as a carol for Saint Stephen's Day.


Boxing Day is a British tradition, going back many centuries but only made an official holiday in 1871. Also known as St. Stephen's Day, it was customarily a time for giving to the poor.

In Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the UK, Boxing Day is the heaviest shopping day of the year. The picture below (Wikipedia Commons) shows the Eaton Center, Toronto, Canada on December 26th.

The Boxing Day name comes partly from the boxes kept in British churches to collect money for the needy. On the day after Christmas Day it became a custom of the nineteenth century Victorians for tradesmen to collect their "Christmas boxes" or gifts in return for good and reliable service throughout the year on the day after Christmas.


Today is Christmas Day! For the first few centuries the church paid little attention to the celebration of Jesus’ birth. Nevertheless as Christians increasingly commemorated the events of Jesus' life the issue of the date of his birth became more prominent. However as Scripture at no point mentioned the date of Christ’s birth, early Christian teachers suggested various possible dates.

The Christian historian Sextus Julius Africanus in 221, was possibly the first to nominate December 25th. He did this by identifying the spring equinox (March 25th) as the date of the creation of light on the fourth day of creation and by reasoning that Jesus’ conception was the same date, 5,500 years later, and his birth being nine months after that, December 25th.

"Adoration of the Shepherds" by Gerard van Honthorst, 1622  Wikipedia Commons

In 350 Pope Julius I designated December 25th as the day to celebrate Christ’s birth. He did so mainly as a political move to counteract the effect of Saturnalia, the popular feast held in honor of the Roman god Saturn, which occurred at the time of the winter solstice, climaxing on December 25th, a Roman holiday. December 25th also was a celebration of the birthday of the Persian sun god Mithra. It was hoped that by picking this date Christianity would be more appealing to pagans.

In America Christmas was not celebrated by the early settlers, who were mainly Puritans. In 1659 in Boston, Christmas was banned with any one found guilty of observing Christmas or any other religious holiday being made liable to pay a fine of five shillings. The ban lasted for over 20 years before being repealed.

Although Charles Dickens is always associated with Christmas, when he was born in 1812, it was a very minor festival. However he became, with stories like The Christmas Carol, a successful protagonist for the Victorian middle-class philanthropic view that Christmas should be reinvented as a season of goodwill.


Today is Christmas Eve. Christmas celebrations in the denominations of Western Christianity have long begun on the night of the 24th, due in part to the Christian liturgical day starting at sunset. The practice of celebrating the evening before Christmas Day is an echo from ancient Jewish reckoning. Among earlier Jews, a day began at six in the evening and ran until six the following evening, based on the story of Creation in the Book of Genesis: "And there was evening, and there was morning – the first day".

The practice of celebrating the evening before Christmas Day is an echo from ancient Jewish reckoning. Among earlier Jews, a day began at six in the evening and ran until six the following evening, based on the story of Creation in the Book of Genesis: "And there was evening, and there was morning – the first day." Christmas Eve was then celebrated with roaring fires, story-telling, feasting, drinking and dancing.


On Christmas Eve at 3pm, it's a tradition for the people of Sweden to sit down to watch From All Of Us To All Of You, the 1958 Walt Disney Christmas special. It's a collection of classic Disney cartoons introduced by Jiminy Cricket and nearly half the Swedes watch it.


The familiar image of Santa Claus with flying reindeer and entry down chimneys, began in America with poetry. On December 23, 1822, Dr Clement Clarke Moore, a university professor, wrote a poem for his children. He called it "A Visit from St. Nicholas." The work was never meant for publication, for he feared he would be ridiculed for writing children's verse. A friend, however, sent a copy to a newspaper and very soon the poem became famous across the United States. 

At first Santa Claus was drawn in his bishop robes, but with possible influences from the earlier English figure of Father Christmas. German-American cartoonist Thomas Nast's image of him, based on the traditional German figures of Sankt Nikolaus and Weihnachtsmann began the journey towards today's image of him as a portly, joyous, white-bearded man.

Nast's Santa Claus on the cover of the January 3, 1863, issue of Harper's Weekly

By the 1880's Santa Claus had evolved into the robed, fur clad form we now recognize.

In 1890, the first department store Santa appeared—James Edgar, a store owner, brought joy to his patrons by dressing up as the character.

Man dressed as Santa Claus fundraisingt in Chicago in 1902,

Until the 1930s, depictions of Santa Claus had him wearing a green cloak. Santa Claus as we know him today, with white beard, red tunic, hat and trousers trimmed with white fur, was created by an American commercial artist, Haddon Sundblom for a 1931 Coca-Cola advertisement.

The Coca Cola American adverts portrayed Santa in a red suit because that was the color they used for their ads.


Today is the Winter Solstice. Solstice means "sun standing still" in Latin because the solstice is the time when the sun appears to stand still in the sky before daylight begins to increase. Daylight picks up speed in the spring, when we add about three minutes of daylight each day. The solstice is when the Sun is at its at its lowest daily maximum elevation in the sky during a year. The solstice itself is one moment, but many use the word to mean the day when the solstice happens.

By Tim Ereneta from Berkeley, CA - solstice gathering,

The Roman Winter Solstice was celebrated by Brumalia, a festival which emerged in the 2nd Century AD to honor the rebirth of the sun god

While the Winter of Solstice is the day with the least light, the coldest week of the year is actually in late January. That's because for the next month or so the earth continues to lose more heat than the sun puts back in.

Should you see your shadows on the Winter Solstice it will be the longest shadow of the year. That's because the sun is as low in the sky as it's going to get


Classical Arabic originated in the sixth century, but earlier versions of the language existed. These include the Safaitic dialect, an old Arabic dialect used by the pre-Islamic nomadic inhabitants of the Syro-Arabian desert, which dates back to the first century.


Al-ʿArabiyyah in written Arabic (Naskh script)

December 18th was designated by the United Nations in 2010 as Arabic Language Day, as that was the day in 1973 when the General Assembly approved Arabic as an official U.N. Language.

Around 250 million people use Arabic for their first language. It is the fifth most spoken language in the world behind Mandarin, Spanish, English and Hindi respectively.

Standard Arabic, the Arabic taught in a majority of schools, is based off the language Prophet Muhammad spoke. It is a language that nobody naturally speaks, and is preserved through formal education and news broadcasts.

Egyptian Arabic is the first language of 92 million Egyptians. It is the most widely-understood dialect and is understood by almost all of the 300 million Arabic speakers in the world, thanks to the Egyptian cinema and media industry.


Orville and Wilbur Wright designed and built the first controlled, powered, heavier-than-air airplane in Dayton, Ohio. The brothers took to the air for the first time making two flights each from level ground into a freezing headwind gusting to 27 miles per hour (43 km/h) at Kitty Hawk Heights, North Carolina on December 17, 1903.

The Wright brothers didn't like to fly together in fear of both of them dying in an accident. They wanted at least one of them to survive to carry on research. They drew lots to see who would make the first powered flight and Orville won.

Orville Wright's first flight in his Wright Flyer One at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina was on December 17, 1903. It flew for 12 seconds at a height of 500 feet and covered 37,120 feet. The flight was witnessed by four men and a boy.

Orville Wright did not actually sit in the Wright Flyer during its first flight. Instead, he lay flat on the lower wing in the middle of the airplane.

After four flights by the Wright Brothers a gust of wind overturned and wrecked their wooden flier. However they stuffed all the pieces into barrels and shipped them back home to their bicycle shop. The original machine is now in The Science Museum, London.

On September 24, 1959 U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower declared December 17 to be Wright Brothers Day. Each year, a presidential proclamation invites the people of the United States to observe this day with appropriate ceremonies and activities.


Bahrain is an archipelago of 33 islands, the largest being Bahrain Island in the Persian Gulf, between Saudi Arabia and Iran.

In Arabic, bahrayn is the dual form of bahr ("sea"), so al-Bahrayn means "the Two Seas". However, which two seas were originally intended remains in dispute. It is unclear when the term began to refer exclusively to the Awal islands, but it was probably after the 15th century.

In 1820, Bahrain signed a general maritime treaty with the British Empire. Following successive treaties with the British, Bahrain became a protectorate of the United Kingdom in the late 1880s.

After World War II, anti-British feeling spread through the Arab world and led to riots in Bahrain. In 1971, Bahrain declared independence. The United Kingdom recognized Bahrain's independence on December 16, 1971. This is commemorated annually as Bahrain's National Day.

The oil boom of the 1970s benefited Bahrain greatly; the country benefited further from the Lebanese Civil War in the 1970s and 1980s, when Bahrain replaced Beirut as the Middle East's financial hub after Lebanon's large banking sector was driven out of the country by the war.


Following the often bitter 1787–88 debate over the ratification of the American Constitution, Representative James Madison crafted a series of corrective proposals, Congress approved twelve articles of amendment on September 25, 1789, and submitted them to the states for ratification. Articles Three through Twelve were ratified as additions to the Constitution on December 15, 1791, and became Amendments One through Ten of the Constitution.  These first ten amendments to the United States Constitution, collectively known as the Bill of Rights, were ratified on December 15, 1791. Below is the first page of an original copy of the twelve proposed articles of amendment, as passed by Congress.



The Bill of Rights was ratified is significant to church history because of its first Amendment: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." This amendment was the result of long centuries of efforts by religious groups such as the Quakers and Baptists to obtain religious liberty.

George Washington had a copy of the Bill of Rights created for each state. North Carolina's copy was stolen in 1865 by a Union Soldier. It was recovered in 2003 by a FBI sting operation.

In 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared December 15 to be Bill of Rights Day, commemorating the 150th anniversary of the ratification of the Bill of Rights. 

There are several original engrossed copies of the Bill of Rights still in existence. One of these is on permanent public display at the National Archives in Washington, D.C.


Martyred Intellectuals Day is observed on December 14 in Bangladesh to commemorate those intellectuals who were killed by Pakistani forces and their collaborators during the 1971 Liberation War.

Martyred Intellectuals Memorial at Rayer Bazaar, Dhaka

The Bangladesh Liberation War began after the Pakistani military junta based in West Pakistan launched Operation Searchlight against the people of East Pakistan on the night of March 25-26 1971. It pursued the systematic elimination of nationalist Bengali civilians, students, intelligentsia, religious minorities and armed personnel and resulted in the flight of 10 million East Pakistani refugees to India.

The violent crackdown by the Pakistan Army led to Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declaring East Pakistan's independence as the state of Bangladesh the following day.

Over 200 of East Pakistan's intellectuals were executed by the Pakistan Army and their local allies on December 14, 1971. (The date is commemorated in Bangladesh as Martyred Intellectuals Day.)

The West Pakistani forces in East Pakistan surrendered after India intervened on the secessionists' side.

East Pakistan renamed itself Bangladesh on January 11, 1972. The republic of Bangladesh was proclaimed and rapidly gained international recognition. 

In memory of those were killed, a memorial known as the Martyred Intellectuals Memorial (Badhya Bhumi Smriti Soudha) was built at Rayer Bazaar, in Dhaka.


Saint Lucy's Day is a Christian feast day observed on December 13. The observance commemorates Lucia of Syracuse, an early-4th-century virgin martyr under the Diocletianic Persecution.

Saint Lucy, by Francesco del Cossa (c. 1430 – c. 1477)

Lucia brought food and aid to Christians hiding in the Roman catacombs, wearing a candle lit wreath on her head to light her way and leave her hands free to carry as much food as possible. She had vowed her virginity to God and when a disappointed suitor accused her of being a Christian, Lucia was executed.

Her feast day, known as Saint Lucy's Day, is celebrated in the West on December 13. She is a patron saint of the blind, martyrs, epidemics, throat infections, salesmen and writers.

Her feast day, which coincided with the shortest day of the year prior to calendar reforms, is widely celebrated as a festival of light. Falling within the Advent season, Saint Lucy's Day is viewed as a precursor of Christmastide, pointing to the arrival of the Light of Christ in the calendar on Christmas Day.

The Caribbean island of St Lucia was named after her. St Lucia is the only country in the world named after a woman.


The poinsettia, traditionally an American Christmas flower, was originally grown in Mexico. Poinsettia Day was officially declared by an Act of Congress on December 12.

A red Poinsettia. By André Karwath Wikipedia Commons

The plant's association with Christmas began in 16th-century Mexico, where a peasant girl, commonly called Pepita or Maria, was anxious to bring a gift in celebration of Jesus' birthday to the Christmas Eve service. She had nothing of value, though, so she went empty-handed. On her way to the church she met an angel, who told her to gather weeds from the roadside and place them in front of the church altar. Miraculously, crimson blossoms sprouted from the weeds and became poinsettias.

Franciscan friars in Mexico started to include the plants in their Christmas celebrations from the 17th century and the Poinsettias became popular decorations for Mexican churches and homes during the Christmas festival.

The poinsettia is named after Joel Roberts Poinsett, who served as the USA's first ambassador to Mexico, from 1825 to 1829. During that time he came to admire a shrub with brightly-colored red leaves encircling small, greenish-yellow blossoms, which the Mexicans had adopted as their Christmas flower. He liked it so much that he sent specimens back to the USA, where they soon flourished.

Poinsett grew the beautiful plants in his Greenville, South Carolina plantation and gave them out as gifts to friends. Poinsettia Day was officially declared by an Act of Congress in honor of Joel Roberts Poinsett, who died on December 12, 1851.


International Mountain Day was established by the UN General Assembly in 2003 to encourage sustainable development in mountains. It is held each year on December 11.



There is no generally accepted definition for how tall a hill has to be to be called a mountain. Some regions say 1,000ft, others say 2,000ft.

Around one fifth of the Earth’s land is covered by mountain. They are home to 15% of the world´s population.

Mountains are home to 15% of the world´s population and host about half of the world's biodiversity hotspots. 

More than half of humanity relies on mountain freshwater for everyday life.

The K2, the world's second tallest mountain, has no local name. It is so remote and inaccessible that very few local people knew of its existence, and thus why it retains its original surveying moniker given to it by British surveyors.

Source UN.


Alfred Bernhard Nobel (October 21, 1833 –December 10, 1896) was a Swedish chemist and millionaire, who invented dynamite and established almost 100 arms factories.

The Nobel Prizes came about when a brother of Nobel died and a French newspaper mistakenly printed Alfred's obituary under the headline: "The merchant of death is dead." Desperate to leave a positive legacy, he decided to bequeath his fortune to establish the Nobel Prizes.

A golden medallion with an embossed image of Alfred Nobel facing left in profile Wikipedia

Nobel signed his last will and testament, setting aside the bulk of his estate to establish the Nobel Prize after his death on November 27, 1895.

Nobel's will instituted the prizes in Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine.  In 1968, Sweden's central bank added a prize for Economics in memory of Nobel.

The first Nobel Prizes were awarded on December 10, 1901.


Christmas Card Day honors its inventor Sir Henry Cole each year on December 9. The day serves as a reminder to get your cards, envelopes and stamps together so you can mail them out to family members and friends.

Christmas cards began with a lazy English aristocrat and publisher Sir Henry Cole who in 1843 sent cards with a short message instead of the common practice in the early nineteenth century to write seasonal messages on calling cards or in personal letters to relatives and friends. They were insulted because it seemed they didn’t warrant the usual full and affectionate Christmas letter.

Cole's cards were designed by an artist, John Calcott Horsley.  His first Christmas card design had two panels showing people caring for the poor and a center panel of a family having a large Christmas dinner. About 1,000 of these cards were printed, and those not used by Sir Henry were sold by the printer for one shilling (see below).

The first Christmas card made in America was basically an advert for a department store. Issued between 1850 and 1852, the card’s seasonal illustrations were buttoned by a mention of Pease’s, a “general variety” store in Albany, New York.

Werner Erhard of San Francisco sent 62,824 cards in a single year. This is believed to be the largest number ever sent by one individual.


Finnish composer Jean Sibelius, whose music such as his famous 1899 tone poem Finlandia helped establish Finland's national identity, was born on December 8, 1865, in Hameenlinna, Finland, which is 100 km north of the country's capital, Helsinki.

Sibelius in 1913

The strong nationalist sentiment conveyed in Sibelius' music was deemed an expression of patriotism in Finland. Finlandia was composed when his country was under Russian domination and premiered in Helsinki on July 2, 1900 with the Helsinki Philharmonic Society conducted by Robert Kajanus. The work was banned by the Russian rulers of Finland because it aroused much patriotic fervor among the Finns. In Berlin it was played as 'Vaterland'; in Paris as 'Patrie'.

Since 2011, December 8, Sibelius' birthday, has been a flag day in Finland known as "The Day Of Finnish Music".


National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day is observed annually in the United States on December 7, to remember and honor the United States citizens who were killed in the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7, 1941.

Arizona during the attack

At 7:55 a.m. Hawaii time on December 7, 1941, a Japanese dive bomber bearing the red symbol of the Rising Sun of Japan on its wings appeared out of the clouds above the island of Oahu. A swarm of 360 Japanese aircraft followed, descending on the US Pacific Fleet as it lay in port in Pearl Harbor.

The Pearl Harbor attack was carried out by 353 Japanese warplanes. After just two hours of bombing, 2,403 Americans were dead, 21 ships were either been sunk or damaged, and more than 188 US aircraft destroyed.

The United States promptly declared war on Japan whose allies, Italy and Germany, in turn declared war on the United States.

On Pearl Harbor Day, the American flag should be flown at half-staff until sunset to honor those who died as a result of the attack on U.S. military forces in Hawaii.


Hanukkah (sometimes transliterated Chanukkah) is a Jewish holiday celebrated for eight days and nights. It starts on the 25th of the Jewish month of Kislev. 


Hanukkah table. By MathKnight

Since the Jewish calendar is lunar based, every year the first day of Hanukkah falls on a different day – usually sometime between late November and late December. In 2023 Hanukkah falls between Sunset, December 7 and nightfall, December 15.

In Hebrew, the word "hanukkah" means "dedication." The name reminds us that this holiday commemorates the re-dedication of the holy Temple in Jerusalem following the Jewish victory over the Syrian-Greeks in 165 BC.

The hanukkiyah is a nine-branched candelabra used during Hanukkah. There are at least 44 candles in each box of Hanukkah candles, enough for one person to light the hanukkiyah, according to tradition, every night. Some boxes include extra candles as they tend to break easily.

There is a custom of eating foods fried or baked in oil (preferably olive oil) to commemorate the miracle of a small flask of oil keeping the Second Temple's Menorah alight for eight days.


Saint Nicholas Day is observed on December 5 or 6 in Western Christian countries, and on December 19 in Eastern Christian countries. It is the feast day of Bishop Nicholas of Myra with particular regard to his reputation as a bringer of gifts.

A 13th-century depiction of St. Nicholas from Saint Catherine's Monastery

Many stories, some miraculous, are told about Nicholas. On one occasion he brought back to life three children, who had been killed by a malicious butcher during a famine. They had been placed in a barrel to be cured and sold as ham.

Saint Nicholas is also said to have helped three poor girls who couldn't afford a dowry to get married by throwing purses of money through their window. The idea of Santa Claus coming down chimneys to deliver presents has its origin in that story.

Saint Nicholas died on December 6, 343 AD. He had a reputation for secret gift-giving, such as putting silver coins in the shoes of his followers, and during the Middle Ages, this practice was celebrated in many European countries on his feast day.

Saint Nicholas' feast day of December 6th was celebrated in Holland with the giving of gifts to children who behaved well. Dutch immigrants brought St. Nicholas, known to them as "Sinterklaas", and traditions of his feast day to their colonies in America. He became popularized there as Santa Claus and his gift-giving day moved from December 6 to Christmas Day.


World Soil Day (WSD) is held annually on December 5 as a means to focus attention on the importance of healthy soil and to advocate for the sustainable management of soil resources.

An international day to celebrate Soil was recommended by the International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS) in 2002. The Food and Agriculture Organization Conference unanimously endorsed World Soil Day in June 2013 and requested its official adoption at the 68th UN General Assembly. In December 2013, the UN General Assembly responded by designating December 5, 2014 as the first official World Soil Day.

The date of December 5 was chosen for World Soil Day because it corresponds with the official birthday of the late H.M. King Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand, who was one of the main proponents of this initiative.

Soil is one of two main components of Earth — the other being oceans — where life is active. Human life depends on healthy soil.

Soil is not a renewable resource. Human life depends on healthy soil, just like it depends on clean air and clean water, but losses of soil cannot be regained within a lifetime.


December 4th is National Cookie Day, whose origins lie with a Sesame Street Monster. The Cookie Monster sums up their deliciousness with the phrase, "Num, num, num, num, num!" In 1976, Sesame Street included National Cookie Day on its calendar for the first time on November 26th. Then in 1987, Matt Nader of the Blue Chip Cookie Company a smallish company out of San Francisco, cooked up Cookie Day to promote their sweet treat. They chose December 4th as the day to celebrate their snack.

By Dezidor - Self-photographed, 

The word “cookie” appeared in print for the first time in North America in 1703. The word came from Dutch settlers who introduced their recipes for various types of “koekje”, which means “little cake.”

Nabisco's "Oreo's" are the world's best-selling brand of cookie at a rate of 6 billion sold each year. The first Oreo was sold in 1912.

The average American will eat about 35,000 cookies in their lifetime.


International Day of Persons with Disabilities is an international observance promoted by the United Nations each year on December 3 since 1992. It aims to promote the rights and well-being of persons with disabilities in all spheres of society and development, and to increase awareness of the situation of persons with disabilities in every aspect of political, social, economic and cultural life.

A 28-year-old Iraqi woman who lost both of her legs during the Iraq War in 2005

About 15% of the world's population lives with some form of disability, of whom 2-4% experience significant difficulties in functioning. 

Of the one billion population of persons with disabilities, 80% live in developing countries.

An estimated 46% of older people aged 60 years and over are people with disabilities.

An estimated 48.9 million people, or 19.4% of the non-institutionalized civilians, have a disability in the United States. An estimated 24.1 million people have a severe disability.


Today is the second day of December. The name of the month comes from the Latin decem for "ten". It  was the tenth month of the year before January and February were added to the Roman calendar.

At the North Pole, the Sun does not rise in December; at the South Pole, it does not set.

Sunset over the North Pole

More people suffer fatal falls in December in the UK than any other month.

People born in December have the best statistical chance of living past 100 years old.


Today is the first day of Advent. The Season of Advent, which begins on a Sunday about four weeks before Christmas Day, is celebrated by many western Christians. It is a time for people to prepare for the celebration of the birth of Jesus at Christmas and the second coming of Christ. Advent also marks the start of the new liturgical year.

Advent candles By Johann Jaritz

The earliest authentic record of Advent was the Macon council held in 581, which stated that the season starts on the feast of St. Martin - November 11; this period is still observed in the Orthodox church.

About 600, Pope Gregory I decreed that the Advent season should start on the fourth Sunday before Christmas, but the longer period was observed in England for some years.

The shorter period is now observed in the Anglican, Episcopal, Lutheran and Roman Catholic churches, and the first Sunday of Advent is regarded as the commencement of the Christian ecclesiastical year.

Special Advent Calendars are made for children, with pictures or treats for each day of Advent. The first advent calendars were chalk lines made by German protestant families for every day in December until Christmas Eve.


In 1981 The New England Journal of Medicine reported a new rare and fatal disease that had killed 95 people, mostly homosexual men. The disease later would be called AIDS.

The Associated Press ran its first story about AIDS on July 3, 1981. "Doctors in New York and California have diagnosed among homosexual men 41 cases of a rare and often rapidly fatal form of cancer," Lawrence K. Altman’s article began. "Eight of the victims died less than 24 months after the diagnosis was made."

On October 8, 1981, public health nurse Bobbi Campbell became the 16th person in San Francisco to be diagnosed with Kaposi's sarcoma, when that was a proxy for an AIDS diagnosis. He was the first to publicly identify as a person living with what was to become known as HIV/AIDS.

The AIDS virus was officially recognized on December 1, 1981. World AIDS Day, designated on December 1 every year since 1988 is an international day dedicated to raising awareness of the AIDS pandemic caused by the spread of HIV infection and mourning those who have died of the disease. 

The red ribbon is the global symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive people and those living with AIDS.


By Gary van der Merwe - graphics by Niki K Aids Awareness Red RibbonLapel pins 

As of 2019, AIDS has killed between 24.8  and 42.2 million  people worldwide, and an estimated 38.0 million people are living with HIV,

Thanks to recent improved access to antiretroviral treatment in many regions of the world, the death rate from AIDS epidemic has decreased since its peak in 2005 (690,000 in 2019, compared to 1.9 million in 2005).


Today is St Andrew's Day. Saint Andrew was a fisherman and younger brother of Saint Peter. When they were called to serve Jesus, the  Savior of the world said he would make them "fishers of men".


Artus Wolffort - St Andrew

Saint Andrew was crucified by being tied to an X-shaped cross in Greece on November 30, 60 AD by order of Roman governor Aegeas. It is said that he preached for two days on the cross and Aegeas was driven mad when he died.

Andrew became Scotland’s patron saint in 1320 with the Declaration Of Arbroath, submitted to Pope John XXII to confirm Scottish independence and the right to defend itself against the English.

His feast day is November 30th. Saint Andrew's Day, which is celebrated on that date is Scotland's official national day.

Saint Andrew's Day is an official flag day in Scotland. The Scottish Government's flag-flying regulations state that the Flag of Scotland (the Saltire or Saint Andrew's Cross) shall fly on all its buildings with a flagpole.

Flag of Scotland


Flag Day, or Independence Day, is celebrated every November 28, as a holiday in Albania,  Kosovo, and the Albanian diaspora.

The Albanian flag is red with a silhouetted black double-headed eagle in the center(see below). The red stands for bravery, strength and valor, while the double-headed eagle represents the sovereign state of Albania located in the Balkans. The flag was adopted as the symbol of the new nation when the Albanian Declaration of Independence was proclaimed on November 28, 1912.


The Ottoman Turks conquered Albania around 1400 and remained in power for the next five hundred years. 

Gjergj Kastrioti, known as Skanderbeg meaning "Lord Alexander," was a member of the noble Kastrioti family who was appointed as sanjakbey (governor) of the Sanjak of Dibra in 1440. In 1443, during the Battle of Niš, he deserted the Ottomans. 

Skanderbeg led his men to the mountainous stronghold of Krujë, where he arrived on November 28, 1443 and by the use of a forged letter from Sultan Murad to the Governor of Krujë he became lord of the city that very day. He raised a red standard with a black double-headed eagle on Krujë. 

In 1444 Skanderbeg organized a group of nobles to form the League of  Lezhë, an alliance of Albanian principalities that is regarded as the first unified Albanian state. For 25 years he held the Ottoman Empire at bay in Albania and weakened and harassed them in neighboring territories.

Albania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire in Vlora on November 28, 1912, after the First Balkan War. Albanians celebrate their independence on November 28th.


On November 27, 1895, Alfred Nobel signed his last will and testament at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris. In his will, he stipulated that the bulk of his vast fortune be used to establish a series of prizes to be awarded annually to those who have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. The Nobel Prizes are now considered to be the most prestigious awards in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. 


Front side (obverse) of one of the Nobel Prize medals in Physiology or Medicine awarded in 1950. By Photograph: JonathunderMedal: Erik Lindberg (1873-1966) 

 Nobel's decision to establish the prizes was motivated by a desire to promote peace and progress. He had been a successful inventor and businessman, but he was also troubled by the violence and destruction that he had witnessed during his lifetime. He hoped that the prizes would encourage people to work together to solve the world's problems and make the world a better place. 

 The first Nobel Prizes were awarded in 1901. Since then, the prizes have been awarded annually to hundreds of individuals and organizations from around the world.


National Cake Day is an unofficial holiday celebrated on November 26th each year in the United States. It is a day dedicated to celebrating the deliciousness of cake, one of the most beloved desserts around the world. 


The origins of National Cake Day are unknown, but it is believed to have originated in the early 2000s. The day has grown in popularity in recent years, and many people now celebrate it by baking or buying cake, sharing cake with friends and family, or simply enjoying a slice of their favorite cake.


The US Episcopal Church celebrates the feast day of the "Godfather of English Hymnody" Isaac Watts on November 26th.

Isaac Watts

In 1692 the 18-year-old Isaac Watts complained to his father that the hymns sung at church were tuneless. His father suggested he provide something better. The result was "Behold the Glories of the Lamb," which is considered the birth of the English hymn.

Watts was the first to write hymn words based on personal feelings and testimony. When he used the word "I" in the opening line of his most famous hymn, "When I Survey the Wondrous Cross," he was actually revolutionizing the way people express their faith in music.

Watts suffered from bad health most of his life and for many years he could do little more than write. He is credited with some 750 hymns, as well as many books. His joyful hymns expressed wonder, praise and adoration covering the whole range of Christian experience. They prepared the way for the great revival under the Wesleys and Whitfield.

Watts died on November 25, 1748 aged 74; he was buried in Bunhill Fields. Hanging in Westminster Abbey is a tablet picturing Watts writing at a table while angels whisper songs in his ear.

The Church of England and Lutheran Church remember Watts annually in the Calendar of Saints on  November 25, and the Episcopal Church on the following day.


Black Friday – the day after Thanksgiving and the most profitable shopping day of the year in the US, got its name from the old accounting practice of using red ink for debt and black ink for profit.

DC USA Black Friday By Gridprop at English Wikipedia 

The original "Black Friday" was Friday, September 24, 1869 when two notoriously ruthless Wall Street financiers, Jay Gould and Jim Fisk, worked together to corner the market on gold, buying as much of it as they could and driving up the price. On that Friday in September, the conspiracy finally unraveled, sending the stock market into free-fall and bankrupting everyone from Wall Street barons to farmers.

Police officers in Philadelphia were first to link Black Friday to the post-Thanksgiving period in the 1950s. Large crowds of tourists and shoppers came to the city the day after Thanksgiving for the Army-Navy football game, creating chaos, traffic jams and shoplifting opportunities.  Not only would Philly cops not be able to take the day off, but they would have to work extra-long shifts dealing with the additional crowds and traffic.

Use of the phrase spread slowly, first appearing in The New York Times on November 29, 1975, in which it still refers specifically to "the busiest shopping and traffic day of the year" in Philadelphia.  By the late 1980s, the term was commonly known across the nation and retailers soon linked it to their post-Thanksgiving sales.

Sources HistoryDaily Telegraph




Evolution Day is a celebration to commemorate the anniversary of the initial publication of On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin on November 24, 1859.

Charles Darwin was one of the first to formulate an argument for the scientific theory of evolution by means of natural selection, which he wrote about in his book On the Origin of Species. It was first published on November 24, 1859, priced at fifteen shillings with a first printing of 1250 copies. Though some intellectuals latched onto Darwin's work with great enthusiasm, it generally caused controversy and outrage among Victorian society and he was vehemently attacked and ridiculed by the church.

Origin of Species title page

The first edition On The Origin Of Species did not contain the word ‘evolution’, though its last word is ‘evolved’. The sixth edition of On The Origin Of Species, published in 1872, mentions ‘evolution’ eight times, with another six uses of ‘evolve’ or ‘evolved’.

In the western world Darwinian evolution, despite being merely a theory, is treated as factual by most. Those who believe in a literal creationist interpretation of the Bible are considered to be intellectually lacking.

According to a 2019 Gallup poll, 68% f those who attend church at least once a week believe that God created humans in their present form. Meanwhile, 59% of those who do not identify with any religion believe in evolution without any intervention from God.

Islamic views on evolution are diverse, ranging from theistic evolution to Old Earth creationism In Egypt, evolution is currently taught in schools, but Saudi Arabia and Sudan have both banned the teaching of evolution in schools.


Happy Thanksgiving Day! In America the first ever Thanksgiving Day was celebrated by the Mayflower colonists in 1621. It was an acknowledgement of God's provisions during the year.

When these pioneering Mayflower colonists first settled in Massachusetts the previous December, they'd faced starvation. However friendly Native Americans had shown them how to grow corn and squash and to catch the local birds, fish and shellfish. One Indian in particular, Squanto has been especially helpful as he just happened to speak fluent English. He'd picked up the pilgrim fathers' language after being carried off by visiting sailors and working as a house servant in the city of London before returning to rescue the ill-equipped, confused Pilgrims. These colonists went on to invite the Indians to a thanksgiving feast to celebrate their first successful harvest.

The First Thanksgiving 1621, oil on canvas by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris (1899)

When George Washington was elected the first President of America, he announced the first national Thanksgiving Day, held on November 26, 1789. "Both Houses of Congress", he proclaimed, "have requested me to recommend to the people of the United States a day of public thanksgiving and prayer to be observed by acknowledging with grateful hearts the many and signal favours of Almighty God especially by affording him an opportunity peaceably to establish a form of government for their safety and happiness."

Thanksgiving was held sporadically in America until 1863 when Sarah Josepha Hale, the author of "Mary Had a Little Lamb", suggested making Thanksgiving a more widely acknowledged holiday than it was in an effort to keep the nation from dividing over the issue of slavery. She persuaded Abraham Lincoln to declare Thanksgiving as an annual holiday on the last Thursday in November.

Traditional Thanksgiving meal. Wikipedia

Thanksgiving is colloquially known as "Turkey Day." In fact, 45 million turkeys were consumed on Thanksgiving Day alone in 2015. 

The dark meat of a Thanksgiving turkey offers a greater density of nutrients, like B vitamins and iron, than white meat.


National Cashew Day is celebrated annually November 23 in the United States of America. This unofficial holiday was first observed in 2015.

Cashews are not nuts (according to botanical definition, they are a mixture of seeds and legumes). They are a close relative of mangos, pistachios, poison ivy and poison oak.

Originally native to northeastern Brazil, the cashew tree is now widely grown in tropical regions. Vietnam is the world's leading exporter, followed by India and Ivory Coast.

Raw cashews are 5% water, 30% carbohydrates, 44% fat, and 18% protein.


Saint Cecilia is the patroness of musicians. Her feast day is November 22nd, which is the occasion of concerts and musical festivals. The first record of a music festival in her honor was held at Évreux in Normandy in 1570.

Saint Cecilia playing the pipe organ

A 2nd century Christian Roman maiden of patrician birth, Saint Cecilia was compelled to marry a young pagan, Valerian, despite a vow of celibacy. It is written that while the profane music was played at Saint Cecilia's wedding, she was "singing in her heart a hymn of love for Jesus, her true spouse" hence her association with music-making.

Saint Cecilia succeeded in persuading Valerian to respect her vow, and converted him to her Christian faith. They were both put to death for their beliefs.

Saint Cecilia is one of several virgin martyrs commemorated by name in the Canon of the Mass in the Latin Church.


On November 21 and 22 1996, the United Nations held the first World Television Forum, where leading media figures met under the auspices of the United Nations to discuss the growing significance of television in today's changing world and to consider how they might enhance their mutual cooperation. In December 1996 the United Nations proclaimed November 21 as World Television Day in recognition of the increasing impact television has on decision-making by bringing world attention to conflicts and threats to peace and security and its potential role in sharpening the focus on other major issues, including economic and social issues. It commemorates the date on which the first World Television Forum was held in 1996.

The word "television" comes from the words "tele" (Greek for far away) and vision (sight). It first entered the English language in 1907 at the start of attempts to transmit moving images. 

Scottish electrical engineer John Logie Baird Baird gave the first public demonstration of televised silhouette images in motion at Selfridge's Department Store in London in March 1925. Baird's early system used a large spinning disc through which a picture could be broken down into horizontal lines.

CBS's New York City station begins broadcasting the first regular seven days a week television schedule in the U. S. on July 21, 1931. 

RCA began commercial production of  color TV sets  on March 25, 1954, and 5,000 Model CT-100's were produced. Initially $1,000, its price was cut to $495 in August 1954. 

The SPARK Museum of Electrical Invention

St. Claire of Assisi, who died in 1253 AD, was named the Patron Saint of Television by Pope Pius XII in 1958, based on an incident in which she claimed the moving image and sound of a Catholic Mass had been miraculously projected on the wall of her room when she was too sick to attend. 

A small percentage of static on televisions is actually radioactive resonance from the Big Bang 13 billion years ago.


Children's Day is a commemorative date celebrated annually in honor of children, whose date of observance varies by country. World Children's Day is celebrated on November 20 to promote international togetherness, awareness among children worldwide, and improving children's welfare. November 20th is an important date as it is the date in 1959 when the UN General Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of the Child.

India celebrates Children's Day on November 14th, exactly 9 months after Valentines Day.

Children performing for Independence Day, Alwar district, Rajasthan, India

Children's Day is a Japanese national holiday which takes place annually on May 5 and is the final celebration in Golden Week. Until 1948, Children's Day in Japan was known as Boys' Day while Girls' Day was celebrated on March 3. It was renamed when the government decreed the holiday should celebrate the happiness of all children and express gratitude toward mothers.

Since 1950, Children's Day has been celebrated on June 1 in most Communist and post-Communist countries. In Poland it coincides with the beginning of meteorological summer and it is usually treated as a special day, free from lessons, as it takes place near the end of the school year. In Romania children often receive presents from parents and other family members.


World Toilet Day is an official United Nations international observance day on November 19. The day celebrates toilets and raises awareness of the 4.2 billion people living without access to safely managed sanitation. It is about taking action to tackle the global sanitation crisis and achieve water and sanitation for all by 2030. The UN General Assembly declared World Toilet Day an official UN day in 2013, after Singapore had tabled the resolution.

 World Toilet Day 2015 in Pakistan By Kutoid - World Toilet Organization, Singapore,

Not only did 43% of Pompeii's buildings have indoor toilets, some also had plumbing for toilets on the second floor.

Sir John Harington, author, courtier and godson to Queen Elizabeth I, invented the world's first flushing lavatory, called the Ajax, in 1589. Harrington had been banished from the court for telling risqué stories in front of the ladies. In the mansion he built at Kelston, in Somerset he installed the world's first toilet, which he called "a privy in perfection". 

Yorkshire plumber Thomas Crapper perfected his flushing toilet valve in 1863. By drawing water uphill through a sealed cistern, it was both more effective and hygienic than previous lavatory systems. 

Most toilets flush in E flat.


Happy Birthday Mickey Mouse! November 18th is the day we celebrate the lovable mouse and the magical moments he's brought to us over the years. 

Mickey Mouse was originally called Mortimer. Luckily, Walt's wife, Lillian Disney, stepped in and convinced him that Mickey would be a more marketable name.

Mickey Mouse actually started off as a rabbit. Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks created Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, but after a disagreement over rights with Universal Studios, the film distributor, Disney refused a pay cut and created Mickey Mouse.

Mickey became an instant hit on November 18, 1928 with the release of Steamboat Willie, the first ever cartoon with synchronized sound. Directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks, it featured the third appearances of Mickey Mouse and Minnie Mouse. November 18th is considered by the Disney corporation to be Mickey's birthday.


In 1978, on his 50th anniversary, Mickey Mouse became the first cartoon character  to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his role in animated films.


International Students' Day is an international observance of the student community, held annually on November 17. It remembers the anniversary of the 1939 Nazi storming of the University of Prague after student demonstrations against the German occupation of Czechoslovakia. Germans closed all Czech universities and colleges, sent over 1200 students to Nazi concentration camps, and had nine students and professors executed on November 17.

Graduating students Pixiebay

Bologna University in the Kingdom of Italy, then part of the Holy Roman Empire, was the first Western European institution generally considered a university. Founded in 1088, it was the first place of study to use the term universitas for a place of learning involving students and masters.

Oberlin College is a private liberal arts college in Oberlin, Ohio. Two years after it was founded, Oberlin became in 1835 the first college in the United States to admit African-Americans. It was the first to admit women in 1837.

November 7, 2014 saw hundreds of thousands of students participate in demonstrations around the world on the occasion of International Students' Day. On that day students mobilized in over 40 countries to demand free education. In addition, commemorations were held for the anniversaries of Nazi repression of student activists in Prague of 1939, the Athens Polytechnic Uprising of 1973 and the Velvet Revolution of 1989.

Every November in South Korea, there's a day where everyone makes silence to help students concentrate for their most important exam of their lives. Planes are grounded, constructions are paused, banks close and even military training ceases. This day is called Suneung.


Founded in 1938, the National Button Society recognizes button collecting as an organized hobby. The society established National Button Day, which is celebrated on November 16th each year to honor the function of buttons and the hobby of button collection.

Buttons have been known to exist as far back as the Bronze age when they were worn as ornamentation. They were used to decorate belts and other metal objects.

The wearing of gold, silver, and ivory buttons in fourteenth century Europe was an indication of wealth and rank. Expensive buttons were also made of copper and its alloys. The metalsmith frequently embellished such buttons with insets of ivory, tortoiseshell, and jewels.

There was a button mania in the late Middle Ages, resulting, in some outfits adorned with thousands of buttons, all of them with accompanying buttonholes. Dressing and undressing became a laborious process, but created a niche for the employment of professional dressers.

Men's and women's buttons are placed on opposite sides because, historically, men have always dressed themselves and are mostly right handed. Women who wore ornate clothing had maids to help them dress and it was easier for the maids to fasten with the buttons on the left.


America Recycles Day (ARD) is celebrated on November 15 each year across the United States to promote economic, environmental and social benefits of recycling.


By Coolcaesar at the English language Wikipedia, 

Recorded advocates of recycling date back to Plato who in the 4th century BC wrote about the importance of his fellow ancients making the most of their waste products

The Japanese were the first recyclers to use waste paper to make new paper. It was first recorded in 1031 that Japanese shops were selling repulped paper.

Started by the recycling sector organization National Recycling Coalition in 1997, America Recycles Day has been a program of national nonprofit Keep America Beautiful since 2009. 

The energy saved by recycling one glass bottle will power a computer for 25 minutes.


Today is World Diabetes Day, the world’s largest diabetes awareness campaign reaching a global audience of over 1 billion people in more than 160 countries.

Canadian physiologist Frederick Banting was inspired to research the treatment of diabetes while preparing a class lecture on the pancreas, when he read a paper about the relationship between the pancreas and diabetes. He knew it was an accepted fact that diabetes was caused by a disorder of the pancreas that kept the body from making use of sugar, so Banting decided that if he tied off the pancreatic duct he could isolate the hormone causing the disorder.

In the spring of 1921, Banting traveled to Toronto to explain his idea to J.J.R. Macleod, who was Professor of Physiology at the University of Toronto, and asked Macleod if he could use his lab space to test it out.  Macleod agreed and lent him Charles Best, a research student at the university.

After several months of experiments on laboratory dogs, Banting and Best prepared a solution containing the hormone insulin which they injected into the veins of a diabetic dog, and within a few hours the dog was walking again. Soon they were able to purify these extracts sufficiently to inject and treat diabetic patients.

Frederick Banting joined by Charles Best in office, 1924

537 million adults (20-79 years) were living with diabetes in 2021 (1 in 10 of the world\s population). The number of people living with diabetes is expected rise to 784 million by 2045.

World Diabetes Day was launched in 1991 by the International Diabetes Federation and the World Health Organization (WHO) in response to the rapid rise of diabetes around the world. It is held on November 14 each year. marking the birthday of Frederick Banting who, along with  J.J.R. Macleod and Charles Best first conceived the idea which led to the discovery of insulin in 1922.


Today the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates the feast day of John Chrysostom.

John Chrysostom (c. 347–407), a graduate of a monastic school, was appointed in 398 the Archbishop of Constantinople. An eloquent, earnest, knowledgeable and practical orator, (Chrysostom means, “golden mouthed”), he became the greatest preacher of his time.

Below is a 11th-century conch mosaic of John Chrysostom from the south-east apse of the nave of the Hosios Loukas monastery


John Chrysostom’s preaching talents came about through sheer hard work,  He spent four years in the desert, and two as a hermit in Bible study, during which he practiced austerities.

The “golden mouthed” former Archbishop died on September 14, 407. In the Eastern Orthodox Church there are several feast days dedicated to him. one of them, November 13, is the date news of John Chrysostom's death reached Constantinople

Even outside the Christian world, Chrysostom influence has been great. After World War II, Charles Malik, a Lebanese Christian philosopher and board member of Harvard university, proposed that the social teachings of John Chrysostom be adopted as policy for the founding charter of the United Nations.


Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs due to bacterial or viral infection. It is characterized by a build-up of fluid in the small air sacs known as alveoli, where oxygen exchange takes place.

Häggström, Mikael (2014).

World Pneumonia Day falls on November 12. The day provides an annual forum for the world to stand together and demand action in the fight against pneumonia. Its aims is to raise awareness about pneumonia, promote interventions to protect against, prevent and treat the disease and generate action to combat the illness.

More than 100 organizations representing the interests of children joined forces as the Global Coalition against Child Pneumonia to hold the first World Pneumonia Day on November 12, 2009.  

Pneumonia is one of the most solvable problems in global health and yet each year, pneumonia affects about 450 million people globally (7% of the population).

The combined effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change and conflict is fueling a pneumonia crisis across the life course – placing millions more at risk of infection and death. In 2021, the estimated burden of deaths from respiratory infections, including COVID-19, is a massive 6 million. This makes pneumonia the number 1 killer of children under 5, claiming more lives in this age group than AIDS.


The armistice between the German Empire and the Allies for the cessation of hostilities on the Western Front of World War I, was signed at 5 am in a railway carriage in the Forest of Compiègne of France on November 11, 1918. It came into force "at the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month."

On November 11, 1918 on the last day of World War I , General Pershing sent American troops to fight the Germans to "teach them a lesson" even though he knew an armistice was signed. Over 3,000 Americans were killed, wounded, or captured.

The last soldier to be killed during World War 1 was at 10.59am on November 11, 1918 when American Henry Gunther charged a German road black. Knowing of the closeness of the ceasefire, the Germans tried to wave him away, but he went on firing, so the Germans shot him.

Armistice Day is commemorated every year on November 11 to mark the armistice signed between the Allies of World War I and Germany at Compiègne,

The date is a national holiday in France, and was declared a national holiday in many Allied nations. However, many Western countries and associated nations have since changed the name of the holiday from Armistice Day, with member states of the Commonwealth of Nations adopting Remembrance Day.In the United States the memorial day was called Armistice Day and is now Veterans Day.

Australian journalist Edward George Honey first proposed the idea of a moment of silence to commemorate The Armistice of World War I in a letter to a London newspaper in May 1919, As a result in the United Kingdom and other countries within the Commonwealth, a two-minute silence is observed as part of Remembrance Day at 11.11 a.m. to remember those who lost their lives.


The United States Marine Corps was founded as the Continental Marines by a resolution of the Second Continental Congress on November 10, 1775 during the American Revolutionary War.

2008 Birthday celebration at Camp Lejeune

The Continental Congress' resolution stated that "two Battalions of Marines be raised" for service as landing forces for the recently formed Continental Navy. The resolution was drafted by future U.S. president John Adams.

Tun Tavern, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is regarded as the birthplace of the Corps as the location of the first Marines to enlist under Commandant Samuel Nicholas,

Serving on land and at sea the original U.S. Marines distinguished themselves in a number of important operations during the Revolutionary War.

The United States Marine Corps Birthday is celebrated every year on November 10 with a traditional ball and cake-cutting ceremony. During the ceremony, the first piece goes to the oldest Marine present and the second piece to the youngest. The formal cake cutting ceremony was first celebrated in 1952.


From 1949 to 1990, Germany was made up of two countries called the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) under a Christian Democrat coalition and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) under a communist regime.

During this time, Berlin was divided into a west and an east part. On 13 August 1961, East Germany started building the Berlin Wall between the two parts of Berlin.

East German border guard at Berlin Wall, 1988, By Neptuul

On November 9, 1989, Communist-controlled East Germany opened checkpoints in the Berlin Wall allowing its citizens to travel to West Germany. This key event led to the eventual reunification of East and West Germany, and fall of communism in eastern Europe including Russia.

World Freedom Day is an annual observance in the United States commemorating the Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe. It was first declared in 2001 by President George W. Bush and is celebrated on November 9.


World Urbanism Day, also known as "World Town Planning Day" is an opportunity to unite planners and celebrate town planning around the globe. The day was founded in 1949 by Professor Carlos Maria della Paolera of the University of Buenos Aires, a graduate at the Institut d'urbanisme in Paris, to advance public and professional interest in planning. It is celebrated in more than 30 countries on four continents on November 8th.

Flag of urbanism

In ancient China, towns were often arranged in patterns so that if seen from above, the whole community would resemble an animal or a symbolic design. Some were arranged to resemble dragons, snakes, stars and sunbursts.

Hippodamus of Miletus (498 – 408 BC), was an ancient Greek architect who is considered to be "the father of European urban planning". Hippodamus developed a new way of laying out the towns and cities of Greece. Using a rectangular grid, he brought together a number of large units, each of which was dedicated to some function of the town's life.

Nine days after the Great Fire of London in 1666, Christopher Wren prepared a plan for rebuilding the city which he presented King Charles II with. with. In it he removed the crowded alleyways which were a fire and health hazard. All new streets would have one of three widths - 90,60 or 30 feet.


The Inuit are a people of the Arctic who live in Greenland and Canada.


By Ansgar Walk - photo taken by Ansgar Walk

The Inughuit of northwest Greenland are the world's northernmost people. When contact was made in 1818 they had been isolated for several hundred years and were completely unaware of the existence of other humans.

Although they live in a climate inhospitable to crop development, the Inuit do not suffer from vitamin C deficiency (scurvy) due to their diet of frozen and raw fish and mammal organs. By not cooking the food, the vitamin C is not broken down and can be absorbed by the human body.

International Inuit Day is a holiday that was created to celebrate Inuit and amplify their voices. It falls on November 7.

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